Able Archer was a simulated operation organized and conducted by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), which spanned a ten day period, from November 2nd to November 11th 1983. It simulated a time of conflict escalation, leading up to a coordinated nuclear attack, and involved an influx of communication, and the participation of several heads of government. The steady weakening of US-Soviet relations prior to Able Archer, as well as the realistic nature of the exercise, led several members of the Soviet Politburo to believe that Able Archer was a prelude to genuine nuclear confrontation. In response, Soviets prepared ICBM silos and put aircraft stationed in East Germany and Poland on alert.…
When the country was going through “that period…of the gloomiest in U.S. history,” NASA was unstoppable (par. 3). They were inspiring the lives of citizens. They were accomplishing great measures in the exploration of space. NASA did not allow the Cold War, civil rights movements, assassinations, riots, or even the hot war to bring them down. They continued to dream and achieve despite the pessimism and hardships the country was…
U-2 Spy Plane Incident Stakes were high in the 1960’s. The tension of the cold war put pressure on Eisenhower because of the Arms race. The Soviets had many military advancements that Eisenhower was curious about. Eisenhower and his team came up with a plan to find out what the Soviets were up to.…
In Epic Rivalry: The inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race by Hardesty, Von, Gene Eisman, and Sergeĭ Khrushchev, wrote that, “At another point in the campaign, Kennedy noted that American science and education enjoyed a reputation ‘second to none’ around the world,” (Hardesty, Von, Eisman, Khrushchev, 106). As Kennedy had said, the United States has a high status reputation, which makes loss unacceptable. This is even more so after the U.S ended World War II by using nuclear weapons for the first time. The pride and confidence of citizens in their country makes them try to out do others and to achieve absolute victory, specifically against the Soviets. This is idea of the United State’s greatness and superiority is expressed…
After the end of the second World War, the fragile alliance between the United States and the USSR (otherwise known as the Soviet Union) was quickly shattered. This was due to a dislike of how one country disliked the other’s form of government of how they ran their country, secrets to the devastating atomic bomb, and the ultimate fear of being attacked by one or another. The dissolution of this frangible friendship is what lead to the forty-five year long rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, which is often known as the Cold War. However, the cold war wasn’t really a war so to speak, it was more of two global superpowers playing into a game of oneupmanship. This game of oneupmanship included a sundry of challenges: the space race, military strength, and espionage.…
INTRODUCTION This paper will analysis military and presidential leader Dwight D. Eisenhower. It will include an analysis of Eisenhower’s power and influence, his managerial traits, and his ability to lead organizational change. Dwight D. Eisenhower, best know for being a five-star General in the US Army and the 34th President of the United States, was born on October 14th, 1890 in Denison, Texas (Quam, 2005).…
Dwight D. Eisenhower: An American Leader Time is running out, the war is in action and one sole decision could change the success of the different armies at war. How would an average person react if put in this position? Has anyone ever been through so much stress? Dwight D. Eisenhower has. Dwight D. Eisenhower, a five star general and president of the United States, has made multiple decisions in his life that have changed the United States' military as well as their success.…
One thing that Eisenhower was focused on was the establishment of various alliances to deter Soviet expansion (Wiener 61). Two of the alliances included the Middle Eastern Bagdhad Pact, and The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Both of these treaties provided security to countries against the threat of communism. Another aspect of Eisenhower’s foreign policy is known as the “New Look Strategy”. The president was very conscious about the status of the national budget and decided that he would focus the majority of military spending on nuclear weapons rather than on more traditional war expenses such as aircraft (Wiener 62).…
Chapter 37 The Eisenhower era was a time of caution and conservatism, and also it was a time of a dynamic economic , social , and cultural change. The era was the time of fear. The fear of the people caused by attacks such as atomic and nuclear bombs. Everyone was also feared by the fact of communism.…
1.10I: King Afonso was concerned specifically by the slave trading of nobles, sons of nobles, and his relatives. 1.10A: The Europeans did not see nobles apart from peasants, the only saw skin color, which was an indication that they may be used for slave trade. The Europeans ironed both nobles and peasants, they saw no difference, because they were unfamiliar with African hierarchy. 1.10E: Afonso does not support the Europeans coming to his lands and complains about the harsh branding of his people, he says “as soon as they are taken by the white man they are ironed and branded with fire”. Pope Paul II sees the Native Americans as disbelievers, but he does not support depriving them of their liberty, rather he wants them to “enjoy their liberty and the possession of their property.”…
Space is the void that exists between celestial bodies, including the Earth. This unknown area is a major interest by the large world powers. The thought of being able to control this infinite far-off territory compelled people to attempt to explore. In 1957 the Soviet Union and the United States became eager in learning about this remote abyss. The “race to space” quite clearly reflected the political, social and economic aspects if the Cold War because it was a fight for supremacy between two superpowers, both powers wanted to be the first to do everything including go to space and lastly both the Cold War and the “race to space” overall cost a great deal of money.…
with Russia and the countries of the world. Ultimately, the SDI never cumulated to a full-on arms race to space, but it was yet another sign showing how viable this all was becoming. As is evident above, the idea of global reach and power, goes hand in hand with the theory of deterrence. Many advocate space weaponry as a mitigation of war, a sort of deterrence theory within itself, similar to that idea which was the cornerstone of President Reagan’s advocacy for the SDI. As was the case in World War II after the United States showed the world the devastating power of the atomic bomb, often times the threat of retaliation is enough of a deterrent.…
In order to fully understand the aftermath of the space race, the international competition itself must be analyzed for its landmarks in history and effects on the different nations involved. The flagship developments being discussed translate directly into social and cultural movements that grind out political and economic progression. It cannot be appropriate to ask the question of whether losing focus from the space program was a right step, without first completely understanding the circumstances under which the program was…
In the late 1950’s the United States was in the middle of an arms and intelligence race with the Soviet Union. Part of this intelligence race was over who had supremacy in space. The Soviet Union was the front-runner in 1957 when they launched the first man made satellite into space that orbited the Earth (Miller 16). The following year Kim Mcquaid says NASA was created to develop the United States’ non-military space effort (Mcquaid). On May 25, 1961 President John F. Kennedy set a goal for the program: “perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth” (Loff).…
Similar to the explorations of the New World and South America to be conquered, space is the modern conquest where we endeavor to survey our solar system and investigate the vast universe. What first arose as an idea in the 1950s, it has continued to expand advancing the rate of technological improvement. Some would say, other than exploration what greater influence has the reconnaissance of space brought upon? Other than analyzing different spectrums of the galaxy, the conquest of space led to an exchange of ideas between different nations in efforts to improve their spaceships and space technologies. The Soviet Union was the first country to send an orbiting satellite around Earth, for this started the fundamentals of space exploration and…