According to the recent studies, Shrimp aquaculture is considered to be one of the most environmentally destructive forms of modern agriculture affecting mangroves directly [83]. Aquaculture destroys the mangroves to create shrimp ponds, reduce the ground water levels, and cause pollution to the surface water from the pond effluents [100]. Lack of long-term conservation and management of natural resources are the greatest shortcoming of shrimp aquaculture [40]. Researchers have noticed that the world’s mangroves will disappear in about 50 years if this trend continues [131]. The impacts will be on coastal fisheries, bird life, and ecosystem which thrive because of mangroves in several parts of the world [8].
In Asia and Latin America shrimp …show more content…
Poor site selection, sustainable farm design and effective regulatory and institutional support have led to abandonment of several aquaculture ponds [29]. In many countries, the conversion of mangrove ecosystems into brackish aquaculture ponds has occurred which all had significant mangrove resources [88]. In contradiction, sustainability and productivity of fish and shrimp aquaculture are often dependent on the provision of mangrove goods (e.g. fry and brood stock) and (e.g. erosion control and water quality maintenance) [132]. The most explicit impact of shrimp aquaculture is the destruction of mangroves and wet-lands (inner lagoons and marshes) for constructing shrimp ponds …show more content…
These metals impact the density and diversity of biotic communities including human. Presence of Heavy metals has led to a variety of acute and chronic effects in humans and in forest decline due to its environmental direct damages [137]. Studies have shown that Mangrove forests are highly tolerant to extreme environmental conditions [99]. In India, considerable amount of environmental stress is caused because of domestic sewage, industrial effluents, heavy metals and other toxic waste [138]. With increasing urbanization and industrialization, coastal areas of all tropical littoral countries in Asia, it is essential to get first-hand information on heavy metal levels in plants that live in the mangrove ecosystem
In Asia and Latin America shrimp …show more content…
Poor site selection, sustainable farm design and effective regulatory and institutional support have led to abandonment of several aquaculture ponds [29]. In many countries, the conversion of mangrove ecosystems into brackish aquaculture ponds has occurred which all had significant mangrove resources [88]. In contradiction, sustainability and productivity of fish and shrimp aquaculture are often dependent on the provision of mangrove goods (e.g. fry and brood stock) and (e.g. erosion control and water quality maintenance) [132]. The most explicit impact of shrimp aquaculture is the destruction of mangroves and wet-lands (inner lagoons and marshes) for constructing shrimp ponds …show more content…
These metals impact the density and diversity of biotic communities including human. Presence of Heavy metals has led to a variety of acute and chronic effects in humans and in forest decline due to its environmental direct damages [137]. Studies have shown that Mangrove forests are highly tolerant to extreme environmental conditions [99]. In India, considerable amount of environmental stress is caused because of domestic sewage, industrial effluents, heavy metals and other toxic waste [138]. With increasing urbanization and industrialization, coastal areas of all tropical littoral countries in Asia, it is essential to get first-hand information on heavy metal levels in plants that live in the mangrove ecosystem