Edward Estlin Cummings, known as E.E. Cummings, is remembered for his renowned work as an American 20th century poet. Born in 1894, Cummings served in the First World War in France where he took the less popular route of speaking out against the war. It was during this time …show more content…
We can read more into the name of this poem because “bill’s” although in the possessive form is pronounced the same as if it were plural. This can be seen as an allusion to American money that was used to help Europe recover for the war as part of the Dawes Plan. These bills are “defunct” which is a comment on how these American dollars helped the people in Europe but hurt those in America. The money that American loaned to Germany to help cover the cost of war reparations went around in a cycle through Europe and eventually returned to the United States so they were making no real gain on the money. Germany suffered from a great deal of inflation and the United States ended up in the Great Depression. These Buffalo Bills, or American dollars, were “defunct” because although they were meant to help Europe, they backfired and only hurt themselves. Furthermore, the criticism of American involvement in World War I comes through when Cummings speaks about the clay