Previous work has shown that economic factors are associated with violent deaths from suicide and possibly homicide. In a pioneering study, Brenner showed that both rates of suicide and homicide rose within a year of increased unemployment, both in the U.S. and the U.K. (1936–1976), reconfirming general mortality observations in the U.S. over longer term (1901–2000)., Additionally, Holinger observed that, over 1900–1979 in the U.S., both suicide and homicide rates strongly and positively correlated both with each other and with unemployment (p b 0.001). A study in Germany found that four economic variables (growth of the economy, average real income, unemployment, and frequency of bankruptcy) correlated with suicide from 1881 to 1989, with
