Not much is known about the first two dynasties in comparison to what is known about the last dynasty (McIntosh 2014: 26). The old kingdom began in the 3rd dynasty in 2686 BCE and during that time period the first pyramids were constructed (McIntosh 2014: 26). These pyramids contained gold originated in Nubia, which they traded for timber with the people of Byblos (McIntosh 2014: 26). During the Middle Kingdom, more or less 2040 BCE, Upper- and Lower Egypt were reunited under Mentuhotep II where after the throne was passed to Amenemhat I in 1985 BCE (McIntosh 2014: 26). Amenemhat was known as the founder of the 12th dynasty and he also built a new capital at Itj-tawy, the Kingdom’s administrative “nomes” were fixed (McIntosh 2014: 26). During
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An interesting change took place in the way that the Pharaohs were buried in stone-cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings (McIntosh 2014: 26). The Egyptian Kings were also seen as Gods according to F.S. Kleiner (2008:80). Large temple complexes were built, particularly at Luxor (McIntosh 2014: 26). According to Google maps, Luxor is a city on the east bank of the Nile (Taylor, B, Paldhe, M & MacWright, T. 2005). In the 14th century BCE, the current King was Akhenaten who decided to break the tradition and instituted that all his people must worship only one god, Aten where after he constructed a new capital at Amarna (McIntosh 2014: 26). After he passed away his youthful successor, Tutankhamun restored the capital’s reputation and the international trade flourished where after the Egyptians’ then had ruling eastwards (McIntosh 2014: 26).
By the 11th century BCE a Libyan general took control of Upper Egypt in 1069 BCE because of the political control that disintegrated (McIntosh 2014: 26). This event caused the beginning of the Third Intermediate period where in Upper- and Lower Egypt was ruled by different dynasties (McIntosh 2014: 26). In the late 8th century BCE, Kushite, a Nubian, reunited Egypt by then the 25th dynasty started (McIntosh 2014: …show more content…
2006). But to reach the afterlife they had to pass through a series of gates guarded by gods in the form of a spirit (ba), and after that the final judgment would follow (Kleiner 2008:54-82). The final judgment is a ceremony that will determine whether the king is worthy of passing through to the afterlife or not (Kleiner 2008:54-82).
To be successful in their journey to the afterlife the Pharaohs were provided with a guide that, according to McIntosh, provided the deceased invaluable guidance on how best to behave at the ceremony (2014:26).
There is a lot of speculation on what the papyrus scroll entails, F.S. Kleiner tells us that the scroll is filled with spells and prayers (Kleiner 2008:54-82).The papyrus scroll consists out of illustrations of the ceremonial event called “Weighing of the heart” where the Pharaoh's soul will undergo the final test to pass to the afterlife (Norman 2004). The scroll, better known as The Book of the Dead, was created in +/- 3100 BCE – 30 BCE according to P. Rembler, and is currently kept in the Ashmolean Museum
An interesting change took place in the way that the Pharaohs were buried in stone-cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings (McIntosh 2014: 26). The Egyptian Kings were also seen as Gods according to F.S. Kleiner (2008:80). Large temple complexes were built, particularly at Luxor (McIntosh 2014: 26). According to Google maps, Luxor is a city on the east bank of the Nile (Taylor, B, Paldhe, M & MacWright, T. 2005). In the 14th century BCE, the current King was Akhenaten who decided to break the tradition and instituted that all his people must worship only one god, Aten where after he constructed a new capital at Amarna (McIntosh 2014: 26). After he passed away his youthful successor, Tutankhamun restored the capital’s reputation and the international trade flourished where after the Egyptians’ then had ruling eastwards (McIntosh 2014: 26).
By the 11th century BCE a Libyan general took control of Upper Egypt in 1069 BCE because of the political control that disintegrated (McIntosh 2014: 26). This event caused the beginning of the Third Intermediate period where in Upper- and Lower Egypt was ruled by different dynasties (McIntosh 2014: 26). In the late 8th century BCE, Kushite, a Nubian, reunited Egypt by then the 25th dynasty started (McIntosh 2014: …show more content…
2006). But to reach the afterlife they had to pass through a series of gates guarded by gods in the form of a spirit (ba), and after that the final judgment would follow (Kleiner 2008:54-82). The final judgment is a ceremony that will determine whether the king is worthy of passing through to the afterlife or not (Kleiner 2008:54-82).
To be successful in their journey to the afterlife the Pharaohs were provided with a guide that, according to McIntosh, provided the deceased invaluable guidance on how best to behave at the ceremony (2014:26).
There is a lot of speculation on what the papyrus scroll entails, F.S. Kleiner tells us that the scroll is filled with spells and prayers (Kleiner 2008:54-82).The papyrus scroll consists out of illustrations of the ceremonial event called “Weighing of the heart” where the Pharaoh's soul will undergo the final test to pass to the afterlife (Norman 2004). The scroll, better known as The Book of the Dead, was created in +/- 3100 BCE – 30 BCE according to P. Rembler, and is currently kept in the Ashmolean Museum