There is a growing recognition that crime victims are twice victimized or suffer double victimization. Double victimization implies that victims incur costs during two distinct periods. First, they sustain a variety of losses directly from the criminal incident. Afterwards, when victims turn to the criminal justice system seeking redress, they encounter even more obstacles and must absorb additional costs. In other words, cooperating with the authorities and venturing into the halls of justice exacerbates, rather than ameliorates, the situation. Thus, double victimization refers to the immediate suffering from the criminal episode and the later negative experiences stemming from exposure to an errant criminal justice system. When most women
