The dopamine active transporter is a 12 integral membrane-spanning protein that moves the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synapse back into cytosol terminating therefore the signal of the neurotransmitter. The dopamine reuptake via DAT is the primary mechanism from which dopamine is cleared from synapses. Its function requires the binding and cotransport of two Na+ ions and one Cl− ion with the dopamine substrate. The driving force for DAT-mediated dopamine reuptake is the ion concentration gradient generated by the plasma membrane Sodium/Potassium ATPase. Additionally the transporter serves as a major target for numerous pharmacologically active drugs and environmental toxins.
The dopamine transporter triggers the absorption of dopamine …show more content…
DA is synthesized in the brain, kidneys, plants, and most multicellular animals. The first step in the biosynthesis of Dopamine uses the enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase which is biosynthesised. The complete reaction for this is as follows: L-tyrosine + THFA + O2 + Fe2+ --> L-dopa + DHFA + H2O + Fe2+. For the formation of L-dopa, L-tyrosine, tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), and ferrous iron are essential. The second step in the biosynthesis of dopamine is biosynthesised by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase. The complete equation for this reaction is L-dopa + pyridoxal phosphate --> dopamine + pyridoxal phosphate + CO2. This reaction illustrates how pyridoxal phosphate is essential for dopamine biosynthesis from L-dopa. The enzyme’s activity is dependent on how much pyridoxal phosphate is available in a given reaction. In addition to the two enzymes required for the formation of dopamine from L-tyrosine (L-tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine), three coenzymes are also required. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts to enable a specific chemical reaction to take place in the body. Coenzymes are substances that assist enzymes. Some enzymes, including those involved in dopamine biosynthesis, do not function without coenzymes. The three coenzymes involved in the formation of dopamine are: tetrahydrofolic acid, used for L-tyrosine to L-dopa; Pyridoxal phosphate, used for L-dopa to dopamine; and NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen), used for the formation of tetrahydrofolic acid and pyridoxal phosphate. These three coenzymes are derivatives of vitamins either consumed or present in the
The dopamine transporter triggers the absorption of dopamine …show more content…
DA is synthesized in the brain, kidneys, plants, and most multicellular animals. The first step in the biosynthesis of Dopamine uses the enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase which is biosynthesised. The complete reaction for this is as follows: L-tyrosine + THFA + O2 + Fe2+ --> L-dopa + DHFA + H2O + Fe2+. For the formation of L-dopa, L-tyrosine, tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), and ferrous iron are essential. The second step in the biosynthesis of dopamine is biosynthesised by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase. The complete equation for this reaction is L-dopa + pyridoxal phosphate --> dopamine + pyridoxal phosphate + CO2. This reaction illustrates how pyridoxal phosphate is essential for dopamine biosynthesis from L-dopa. The enzyme’s activity is dependent on how much pyridoxal phosphate is available in a given reaction. In addition to the two enzymes required for the formation of dopamine from L-tyrosine (L-tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine), three coenzymes are also required. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts to enable a specific chemical reaction to take place in the body. Coenzymes are substances that assist enzymes. Some enzymes, including those involved in dopamine biosynthesis, do not function without coenzymes. The three coenzymes involved in the formation of dopamine are: tetrahydrofolic acid, used for L-tyrosine to L-dopa; Pyridoxal phosphate, used for L-dopa to dopamine; and NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen), used for the formation of tetrahydrofolic acid and pyridoxal phosphate. These three coenzymes are derivatives of vitamins either consumed or present in the