There can be differential involvement, individual racism, and/or institutional racism. First and foremost African-Americans and Hispanics are differentially involved in crimes and they tend to commit more crimes. Their criminality is tied to the fact that these groups more often suffer from poverty and unemployment. Second, some of the disparities are due to the individual opinions or prejudices of individual police officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, probation officers, parole officers, and parole board members. This individual racism consists of prejudicial beliefs and the discriminatory behavior of individual criminal justice authorities against African Americans and other minority group members.…