The Renaissance And The Renaissance

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Renaissance is the significant era in the cultural history of Europe, which came to replace the earlier Middle Ages and was before the Enlightenment. A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture and its humanism and anthropocentrism (i.e. the interest, first of all, to the man and his activities). It was also blooming the interest towards the ancient culture, it was as the ‘rebirth’ of the culture (Brotton).
The term ‘Renaissance’ has found among the Italian humanists, for example, by Giorgio Vasari. In the modern sense the term was put into use by Jules Michelet, the French historian of XIX century. Currently, the term ‘Renaissance’ has become a metaphor for the cultural prosperity.
Renaissance is divided into
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Late Renaissance (mid XVI - 90 years of the XVI century) (Brotton).
Early Renaissance (XIV-XV centuries) in Italian art is primarily connected with the Florence, where the Medici patronized humanists and all the arts.
Artists of Early Renaissance in Italy created a plastic one-piece, having an inner unity concept of the World. Systematically studying the nature, they drew the motifs from the everyday life, filled with traditional religious scene by the earth content. The art of the Renaissance, the main theme of which was a man-hero, gradually spread throughout Italy. In the sculpture (Ghiberti, Donatello, Quercia, Robbia, Rossellino, Verrocchio and others) it was developed the freestanding statue, the promising scenic terrain, realistic portrait bust, equestrian monument (Cole).
The Italian painting of the XV century (Masaccio, Lippi, Castagno, Uchchello, Angelico, Ghirlandaio, Pollaiuolo, Francesca, Signorelli, Bellini) was characterized by a sense of the harmonic ordering of the world, as well as by the appeal to the ethical and civic ideals of humanism, joyful perception of beauty and diversity of the real world, the love to the narration and the game by the artistic imagination (Bergin and
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In continuation of the High Renaissance, the representation, taken from ancient architecture, were developed and put into the practice with the greater confidence (Cole).
As an example of such influence could be noted the elegant and quite simple technical solution of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore (1436) and Palazzo Pitti by Filippo Brunelleschi, which has determined the development of the Renaissance architecture. At the same time the representative of the High Renaissance was Donato Bramante (1444-1514), strictly follow the construction of buildings in the classical principles (Cole).
The High Renaissance was characterized by geometrism, inherent to the Early Renaissance, which not only did not disappear, but even deepened. However, it was added something new: spirituality, psychology, the desire for the transfer of man 's inner world, his feelings, moods, states, character and temperament. It was developed aerial perspective; materiality of forms was achieved not only by the volume and plasticity, but also by the chiaroscuro. High Renaissance art is most fully expressed by the three artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo. They represent the core values of the Italian Renaissance: intelligence, harmony and strength

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