Deception is used in Milgram experiment which raises the question of validity and reliability. Connolly, (2011), infers that deception was used to safeguard the true nature of the study. Clearly we know that deception was used in the expense of getting results. For example, the participants were led to believe that they are administering real electric shock and were unaware that the learner was a confederate of Milgram. However, Milgram (1974) insisted that the deception was absolutely essential or the experiment would be worthless had the subjects understood what was really happening. But is this sufficient justification to allow the use of deception? According to Herrera (2001) some psychologists argue that there is nothing very underhand
