Hippocrates (460-377 B.C), the ‘father of medicine’, denied that Gods and demons gave people mental afflictions, insisting that mental illness came down to brain pathology. However, whilst being the grandfather of ‘scientific’ psychology, he also held the belief that dreams were important when finding out about a person’s personality, thus relating to the psychodynamic approach we know today.
Psychology started to evolve into its own formal branch, albeit with some assistance from philosophers and scientists. Influential persons include Charles Darwin and Descartes. René Descartes (1596 – 1650) believed the body’s functions are automatic (Dualism); the mind is “the seat of the soul” (Hayes, 2000, pg. 2). This view was challenged. For example, …show more content…
Field experiments can likely replicate real life due to its natural setting as opposed to in the laboratory where ecological validity is less likely. However, demand characteristics and researcher bias may pose a problem for accurate …show more content…
Stanley Milgram’s (1963) obedience study, deception occurs again. Participants believed they were really shocking somebody. This leads to another ethical issue, protection of participants. They were exposed to progressively stressful situation which may have had the potential to cause harm, which it did. Some were trembling, sweating, biting their lips, and three had seizures. Many begged to stop the experiment. This, again, brings us to another guideline: right to withdraw. With sentences such as, “The experiment requires that you continue”, and, “You have no other choice, you must go on”, coming from an ‘authority figure’, quite likely encouraged the continuation of their participation, thus not completely holding up ethical guidelines. Deception in this case was necessary, so as to continue with the study. However, where the harm comes in to question, it might be advisable that, after participants’ transparent discomfort before getting increasingly worse, that they are debriefed straight
Psychology started to evolve into its own formal branch, albeit with some assistance from philosophers and scientists. Influential persons include Charles Darwin and Descartes. René Descartes (1596 – 1650) believed the body’s functions are automatic (Dualism); the mind is “the seat of the soul” (Hayes, 2000, pg. 2). This view was challenged. For example, …show more content…
Field experiments can likely replicate real life due to its natural setting as opposed to in the laboratory where ecological validity is less likely. However, demand characteristics and researcher bias may pose a problem for accurate …show more content…
Stanley Milgram’s (1963) obedience study, deception occurs again. Participants believed they were really shocking somebody. This leads to another ethical issue, protection of participants. They were exposed to progressively stressful situation which may have had the potential to cause harm, which it did. Some were trembling, sweating, biting their lips, and three had seizures. Many begged to stop the experiment. This, again, brings us to another guideline: right to withdraw. With sentences such as, “The experiment requires that you continue”, and, “You have no other choice, you must go on”, coming from an ‘authority figure’, quite likely encouraged the continuation of their participation, thus not completely holding up ethical guidelines. Deception in this case was necessary, so as to continue with the study. However, where the harm comes in to question, it might be advisable that, after participants’ transparent discomfort before getting increasingly worse, that they are debriefed straight