Ma 'mum had studied Greek philosophy, and created the first university, which is called Bayt al Hikima. Ma 'mum proposed an understanding where religious texts could be examined by humans using logic. Out of his tradition, two groups formed: The Mu 'tazilites who said that Allah gave people free will and that the Quran is not separated from the world, but could be analyzed by people. The Ash 'arites on the other hand people did not have free will, but were on a predetermined path created by Allah. They also believe that the Quran is not created, but eternal and is not subject to logical analysis. In the end, however, the Mu 'tazilites lost this debate. This in turn had great effects on the future of scientific discovery in dar al Islam. Scholars tended not to stay and study at universities, even though some did develop, but rather traveled and studied under masters in ways similar to an apprenticeship. This traveling also allowed for the students to study under many different masters in many fields leading to a form of liberal arts education. Due to this advent, scholars would generally study the sciences, philosophy and theology, as well as be the inventors of the time. With the push towards science and philosophy, the Islamic world outlook began to change as …show more content…
Many of these thoughts are again taken from Greek philosophers. Al-Kindi had also rekindled the idea that the soul and the body are separate entities, and "the intellect (a part of the soul) survives bodily death" (p. 46). Ibn Sina, a philosopher from the early 11th century, focused in on how people interact. He pointed to a few aspects of society that an individual, by doing, would help fulfill their lives. These observations all revolve around proper actions and the desire for virtuous behavior is required for an individual to excel in a society. Ibn Rushd was involved in many aspects of the sciences, but one of his well-known contributions to thought is the idea of "double truth". This is the idea that theology and science do not necessarily contradict each other; rather at the points in which they do contradict both have truth in them. Like the changing world view, many people did not agree with the views that philosophers had taken by the individual. Al-Ghazzali for instance, did not agree with the idea that the soul resurrects, but the body does not on the same basis as before, that it is not of the Quran. Another against these advancements was Taymiyyah who lived during the late 13th century. He saw the Mongol invasions of the time as punishment for Muslims leaving their traditional roots. As a response to this, he urged Muslims to take up arms and defend