The most two well-establish, commonly used in clinical assessment of MDD are the two diagnostic system: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th revision (ICD-10) (World Health Organization, 2016) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). First of all, it is noteworthy to mention that the umbrella term “Depressive Disorders” include a number of affective disorders, such as major depression (i.e., MDD), dysthymia, medication/substance-induced depression, depression due to another medical condition. Secondly, all depressive disorders as listed in DSM-V (APA, 2013) share the common features of depressed and/or irritable mood,
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Firstly, depressive symptoms must have been present at the same time during a period of at least two weeks and negatively affect normal functioning in comparison to previous functioning. The person has at least five out of nine following symptoms nearly every day, with the exception of (3) and (9): (1) feeling depressed in most days and for nearly all day for adults, and irritable mood for children and adolescents, (2) anhedonia – loss of pleasure in all or almost all previously-enjoyable activities, (3) weight gain or weight loss without dieting, (4) insomnia – inability to sleep or hypersomnia – excessive sleepiness during the day, (5) psychomotor agitation – unintentional motions without purpose, e.g., pacing around the room or retardation – slowing of physical activities, (6) fatigue, (7) feeling worthless or guilt excessively or inappropriately, (8) diminished cognitive ability in thinking, concentrating, making decisions, (9) repeated thoughts about death, suicidal ideation with or without a specific plan, or suicide attempt. Secondly, the person is clinically distressed or impaired in normal functioning in every day life. Thirdly, the symptoms/ depressive episodes (i.e., characterized by previous criteria) are not medication- or substance-induced, or other medical conditions. Fourthly, depressive episodes are not better explained by other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Lastly, the person has never experienced a manic episode – inflated self-esteem, mood elevation, hyperactivity, distractability (WHO, 2016) or hypomanic episode – similar to manic episode but to a lesser degree. In order to meet the DSM-V diagnostic criteria, at lease one out of (1) and
Firstly, depressive symptoms must have been present at the same time during a period of at least two weeks and negatively affect normal functioning in comparison to previous functioning. The person has at least five out of nine following symptoms nearly every day, with the exception of (3) and (9): (1) feeling depressed in most days and for nearly all day for adults, and irritable mood for children and adolescents, (2) anhedonia – loss of pleasure in all or almost all previously-enjoyable activities, (3) weight gain or weight loss without dieting, (4) insomnia – inability to sleep or hypersomnia – excessive sleepiness during the day, (5) psychomotor agitation – unintentional motions without purpose, e.g., pacing around the room or retardation – slowing of physical activities, (6) fatigue, (7) feeling worthless or guilt excessively or inappropriately, (8) diminished cognitive ability in thinking, concentrating, making decisions, (9) repeated thoughts about death, suicidal ideation with or without a specific plan, or suicide attempt. Secondly, the person is clinically distressed or impaired in normal functioning in every day life. Thirdly, the symptoms/ depressive episodes (i.e., characterized by previous criteria) are not medication- or substance-induced, or other medical conditions. Fourthly, depressive episodes are not better explained by other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Lastly, the person has never experienced a manic episode – inflated self-esteem, mood elevation, hyperactivity, distractability (WHO, 2016) or hypomanic episode – similar to manic episode but to a lesser degree. In order to meet the DSM-V diagnostic criteria, at lease one out of (1) and