Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A
Introduction
Botulinum toxin was first identified as a cause of food poisoning over 100 years ago (Carruthers and Carruthers, 2009). Since then, there has been an identification of seven different serotypes labeled A-G; all produced by different strains of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is the main and most well-studied serotype that is used in cosmetic (Hurkadle et al., 2012). The BTX-A can be purified and isolated from fermented C. botulinum to be used as botox (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botox has no preservatives and is a stable, sterile, vacuum-dried powder diluted with saline solution (Hurkadle et al., 2012). BTX-A is well known to correct …show more content…
The human skin will undergo changes due to increasing age and with increasing exposure to external factors such as ultraviolet radiation and smoking (Naylor et al., 2011). Increase in age will lead to the appearance of fine wrinkles and reduce elasticity, whereas exposure to external factors will lead to the development of deep wrinkles and loss of elasticity (Naylor et al., 2011). Not only there will be phenotypic changes but there will also be major structural and functional changes in the dermal extracellular matrix (Naylor et al., 2011). Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation will induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases to cause breakdown of collagen fibres resulting in changes in the extracellular matrix, alterations in the dermis and the formation of wrinkles (Lee et al., 2008). The human skin consist of five different layers: the three dermis layers, the hypodermis and the stratum corneum (Kuwazuru et al., 2008). Damage to the skin is described as a multistage buckling theory; where the upper layer gets damaged and the lower layers will experience buckling against the larger compression (Kuwazuru et al.,
Introduction
Botulinum toxin was first identified as a cause of food poisoning over 100 years ago (Carruthers and Carruthers, 2009). Since then, there has been an identification of seven different serotypes labeled A-G; all produced by different strains of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is the main and most well-studied serotype that is used in cosmetic (Hurkadle et al., 2012). The BTX-A can be purified and isolated from fermented C. botulinum to be used as botox (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botox has no preservatives and is a stable, sterile, vacuum-dried powder diluted with saline solution (Hurkadle et al., 2012). BTX-A is well known to correct …show more content…
The human skin will undergo changes due to increasing age and with increasing exposure to external factors such as ultraviolet radiation and smoking (Naylor et al., 2011). Increase in age will lead to the appearance of fine wrinkles and reduce elasticity, whereas exposure to external factors will lead to the development of deep wrinkles and loss of elasticity (Naylor et al., 2011). Not only there will be phenotypic changes but there will also be major structural and functional changes in the dermal extracellular matrix (Naylor et al., 2011). Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation will induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases to cause breakdown of collagen fibres resulting in changes in the extracellular matrix, alterations in the dermis and the formation of wrinkles (Lee et al., 2008). The human skin consist of five different layers: the three dermis layers, the hypodermis and the stratum corneum (Kuwazuru et al., 2008). Damage to the skin is described as a multistage buckling theory; where the upper layer gets damaged and the lower layers will experience buckling against the larger compression (Kuwazuru et al.,