1.1.1 Contextual determinants
Contextual determinants identified as influencing student engagement included institutional, teacher, family, peers and task-related determinants. First, with respect to the institutional, several papers identifying ways in which institutional factors affected engagement, such as school size, safety, logistical support, institutional culture and opportunities available (Lee and Smith, 1993, Lee and Smith, 1995, Marks, 2000, Ripski and Gregory, 2009, Fischer, 2015, Stockfelt et al., 2016, Ambrose et al., 2017). For example, in the handbook student engagement in higher education, a number of studies were reviewed arriving at a conclusion where a supportive school environment that makes students feel safe and provides …show more content…
In addition, teacher behaviour, involvement, support, and instructional approach were among the most commonly discussed factors affecting engagement within included papers (Newmann, 1992, Ellen A. Skinner and Michael J. Belmont, 1993, Ryan and Patrick, 2001, Tucker et al., 2002, Guthrie and Davis, 2003, Patrick, Ryan and Kaplan, 2007, Chen, 2008, Lashbrook, 2010, Adie and Wakefield, 2011, Anderman, Andrzejewski and Allen, 2011, Gasiewski, Eagan, Garcia, Hurtado and Chang, 2012, Vaino, Holbrook and Rannikmäe, 2012, Wang and Eccles, 2013, Kashif and Basharat, 2014). Teacher support has been argued as a necessary precursor of student engagement (Klem and Connell, 2004). A quantitative study explored whether teacher support affects elementary and middle school students’ engagement and achievement. self-report surveys were used to assess students perceived teacher support including teachers’ autonomy support and care, while engagement was measured using students and teachers surveys. In addition, end of year school records were collected to assess achievement. the evidence collected from elementary students has shown that students who perceived high levels of teacher support were more engaged compared to those who felt low levels of teacher
Contextual determinants identified as influencing student engagement included institutional, teacher, family, peers and task-related determinants. First, with respect to the institutional, several papers identifying ways in which institutional factors affected engagement, such as school size, safety, logistical support, institutional culture and opportunities available (Lee and Smith, 1993, Lee and Smith, 1995, Marks, 2000, Ripski and Gregory, 2009, Fischer, 2015, Stockfelt et al., 2016, Ambrose et al., 2017). For example, in the handbook student engagement in higher education, a number of studies were reviewed arriving at a conclusion where a supportive school environment that makes students feel safe and provides …show more content…
In addition, teacher behaviour, involvement, support, and instructional approach were among the most commonly discussed factors affecting engagement within included papers (Newmann, 1992, Ellen A. Skinner and Michael J. Belmont, 1993, Ryan and Patrick, 2001, Tucker et al., 2002, Guthrie and Davis, 2003, Patrick, Ryan and Kaplan, 2007, Chen, 2008, Lashbrook, 2010, Adie and Wakefield, 2011, Anderman, Andrzejewski and Allen, 2011, Gasiewski, Eagan, Garcia, Hurtado and Chang, 2012, Vaino, Holbrook and Rannikmäe, 2012, Wang and Eccles, 2013, Kashif and Basharat, 2014). Teacher support has been argued as a necessary precursor of student engagement (Klem and Connell, 2004). A quantitative study explored whether teacher support affects elementary and middle school students’ engagement and achievement. self-report surveys were used to assess students perceived teacher support including teachers’ autonomy support and care, while engagement was measured using students and teachers surveys. In addition, end of year school records were collected to assess achievement. the evidence collected from elementary students has shown that students who perceived high levels of teacher support were more engaged compared to those who felt low levels of teacher