The Input-Process-Output Model For Information Processing Systems

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1) Entire set of data is a Table (or file) that describes an “Entity”
2) Every column represents some attribute of the entity (also called a Field or
Data Element)
3) Each row is a “Record” in the table. Also called an “Instance.”
4) Primary Key: Every table/file must have attributes that can be used to uniquely identify any record in the table – Called the “Key” of the table/file
5) Foreign Key: One-to-Many or Many-to-Many relationships, to track relationships b. The problems of file processing
1) Data Redundancy: Each entity is stored in one table
2) Data Inconsistency: hardcode problem
3) Data Ambiguity: use primary key to identify an instance
4) Difficulty for data integration
5) Data format and use depends on the application
c. The architecture of database management systems a database application system consist of :
UseràDatabase applicationàDBMSàDatabase
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Finance IS
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DBMS

Marketing IS

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A DBMS typically includes a way:
• To easily create tables
• To enter data into tables to define relationships
• To access data in a table to be used with other software applications
• To provide the ability to easily sort, select and analyze portions of the