The TMJ is a complex synovial joint both morphologically and functionally. When the kinematics of the TMJ may alter, the pathokinematics can show as dysfunction in intra-articular or extra-articular or both. Also, the TMJ, cervical spine, head position are integrally related, and dysfunction in one of these regions may lead to TMDs. Many factors also are associated with the causes of TMD, including stress, oral parafunctional habits, bruxism, postural dysfunction like chronic forward head posture, or sensitization of the central nervous system. Sign and symptoms of TMD may include decreased mandibular range of motion, pain in the muscles of mastication and in the TMJ, joint sounds, joint locking, reduced bite force, muscle spasm, functional
