Both modern and ancient history have displayed men as superior to women, especially through the vows of marriage (Wallace & Roberson, 2014; Zelcer, 2014). The first known “law of marriage” dated back to 753 B.C. in Rome; this law commanded women “to conform themselves entirely to the temper of their husbands and the husbands to rule their wives as necessary and inseparable possessions” (England, 2007, p.1). It was considered legal for husbands to correct and restrain their wives by any means necessary to keep and regain control (Zelcer, 2014). Women were property to men, they were used to reproduce and continue the family bloodline (Wallace & Roberson, 2014). In Europe, it was acceptable for a man to kill his wife without penalty well into
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Forms of domestic violence can be focused down to five forms; physical and sexual violence, psychological, emotional, and economic abuse (TAHR, 2013). Physical abuse includes hitting, grabbing, biting, shaking, slapping, punching, choking, or throwing property at the individual to cause harm (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016; The United States Department of Justice (USDJ), 2015). Physical violence can also include pressuring or intimidating others to commit physical abuse (CDC, 2016). Physical abuse may or may not require medical attention (TAHR, 2013). Sexual abuse can include rape, forced penetration of someone other than perpetrator, unwanted touching, and/or non-contact sexual experiences such as pornography, photography, or filming of victim (CDC, 2016). Sexual abuse can come in many forms that include the abuser demanding sexual acts from the abused or violent sexual encounters that physically hurt the abused (Bartol & Bartol, 2012). The perpetrator may also coerce sexual contact, rape, or prostitution (TAHR, 2013). Sexual abuse is also limiting the reproductive rights such as not using contraception or forcing abortion (Cameranesi, 2016; TAHR, 2013). Psychological abuse can include intimidation, threats of harm, and isolation; examples such as constant supervision, controlling actions and words of victim, damaging property, and/or abusing pets to instill fear (Cameranesi, 2016; CDC, 2016; TAHR, 2013). Presenting false information to the victim to make the victim doubt their memory or perception is also a form of psychological abuse (CDC, 2016). Emotional abuse is a controversial aspect of intimate partner abuse, it is hard to detect and prove (Wallace & Roberson, 2014). This type of abuse creates the victim to lose their sense of
Forms of domestic violence can be focused down to five forms; physical and sexual violence, psychological, emotional, and economic abuse (TAHR, 2013). Physical abuse includes hitting, grabbing, biting, shaking, slapping, punching, choking, or throwing property at the individual to cause harm (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016; The United States Department of Justice (USDJ), 2015). Physical violence can also include pressuring or intimidating others to commit physical abuse (CDC, 2016). Physical abuse may or may not require medical attention (TAHR, 2013). Sexual abuse can include rape, forced penetration of someone other than perpetrator, unwanted touching, and/or non-contact sexual experiences such as pornography, photography, or filming of victim (CDC, 2016). Sexual abuse can come in many forms that include the abuser demanding sexual acts from the abused or violent sexual encounters that physically hurt the abused (Bartol & Bartol, 2012). The perpetrator may also coerce sexual contact, rape, or prostitution (TAHR, 2013). Sexual abuse is also limiting the reproductive rights such as not using contraception or forcing abortion (Cameranesi, 2016; TAHR, 2013). Psychological abuse can include intimidation, threats of harm, and isolation; examples such as constant supervision, controlling actions and words of victim, damaging property, and/or abusing pets to instill fear (Cameranesi, 2016; CDC, 2016; TAHR, 2013). Presenting false information to the victim to make the victim doubt their memory or perception is also a form of psychological abuse (CDC, 2016). Emotional abuse is a controversial aspect of intimate partner abuse, it is hard to detect and prove (Wallace & Roberson, 2014). This type of abuse creates the victim to lose their sense of