Differential Opportunity Theory
Differential opportunity theory is one of the first to come up with the idea that deviance strain theory was a combination of learned and criminal behavior. Differential opportunity theory was used to explain the emergence of three different delinquent subcultures the criminal, the conflict, and the retreatist subcultures. Differential association is the sociological thesis that makes up criminality, like any other form of behavior is learned through a process of association with others who communicate criminal values. (pg. 181) Differential association earliest influential forms of social learning theory got it advancement from Edwin Sutherland, who made the statement “that criminality was learned …show more content…
181) for the cause of crime, because Sutherland had a belief that many concepts that was popular in the field of criminology during his time was social pathology the old age and poverty stigma, and the genetic inheritance the dominant altered gene and it likes and, biological characteristic caused by head injuries or even exposure to toxic substances and their or more that was popular during his time Sutherland felt these concepts didn’t fit into why the everyday ordinary average person would turn to crime. Sutherland differential association seems to have at the right time to broaden the spectrum into the basic concepts that answers the why’s and how comes in his theory differential association which seems to vary in its frequency and duration and how it is given priority and the amount of intensity derive from this concept refers to the contact the individual have to have with the others who or of criminal deviance. This principle seems to vary with direct relationship and how often the effect and the length the association have. Edwin Sutherland, had his share of critics who didn’t agree with his differential association theory, because it left a thought out which has open ended question in his theory, like someone who committed a crime for the first time who may have never had any opportunity to associate with anyone else who was of a deviant …show more content…
Robert Burgess and Ronald L. Akers, appreciated Sutherland views except for this one they disregarded that the criminal behavior was learned in primary reference groups. Robert Burgess and Ronald L. Akers who took the theory of differential association and came up with an addition to it called the reinforcement theory of criminal behavior which actually expanded the thought of differential association a theory that combines both differential association and psychological learning theory in a way that explains crime as a type of learned behavior. This concept was to focus on the power of giving rewards or giving punishments to shape ones behavior. Robert Burgess and Ronald L. Akers develop their views because they wanted to use psychological principles and operant conditioning together and, they added sociological notions of differential association. The Differential Reinforcement theory suggest that criminal behavior could possibly be brought about because of non-social factors. Like the influence drugs have on people ones, psychological and physiological condition plays an important part in the makeup of a person and can most definitely factor into ones deviant behavior. Differential reinforcement theory looks a lot like the rational choice theory that points to an individual past and present into consideration to come up with their
Differential opportunity theory is one of the first to come up with the idea that deviance strain theory was a combination of learned and criminal behavior. Differential opportunity theory was used to explain the emergence of three different delinquent subcultures the criminal, the conflict, and the retreatist subcultures. Differential association is the sociological thesis that makes up criminality, like any other form of behavior is learned through a process of association with others who communicate criminal values. (pg. 181) Differential association earliest influential forms of social learning theory got it advancement from Edwin Sutherland, who made the statement “that criminality was learned …show more content…
181) for the cause of crime, because Sutherland had a belief that many concepts that was popular in the field of criminology during his time was social pathology the old age and poverty stigma, and the genetic inheritance the dominant altered gene and it likes and, biological characteristic caused by head injuries or even exposure to toxic substances and their or more that was popular during his time Sutherland felt these concepts didn’t fit into why the everyday ordinary average person would turn to crime. Sutherland differential association seems to have at the right time to broaden the spectrum into the basic concepts that answers the why’s and how comes in his theory differential association which seems to vary in its frequency and duration and how it is given priority and the amount of intensity derive from this concept refers to the contact the individual have to have with the others who or of criminal deviance. This principle seems to vary with direct relationship and how often the effect and the length the association have. Edwin Sutherland, had his share of critics who didn’t agree with his differential association theory, because it left a thought out which has open ended question in his theory, like someone who committed a crime for the first time who may have never had any opportunity to associate with anyone else who was of a deviant …show more content…
Robert Burgess and Ronald L. Akers, appreciated Sutherland views except for this one they disregarded that the criminal behavior was learned in primary reference groups. Robert Burgess and Ronald L. Akers who took the theory of differential association and came up with an addition to it called the reinforcement theory of criminal behavior which actually expanded the thought of differential association a theory that combines both differential association and psychological learning theory in a way that explains crime as a type of learned behavior. This concept was to focus on the power of giving rewards or giving punishments to shape ones behavior. Robert Burgess and Ronald L. Akers develop their views because they wanted to use psychological principles and operant conditioning together and, they added sociological notions of differential association. The Differential Reinforcement theory suggest that criminal behavior could possibly be brought about because of non-social factors. Like the influence drugs have on people ones, psychological and physiological condition plays an important part in the makeup of a person and can most definitely factor into ones deviant behavior. Differential reinforcement theory looks a lot like the rational choice theory that points to an individual past and present into consideration to come up with their