Colin Calloway We Have Always Been The Frontier Summary

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Essay on Colin Calloway, We Have Always Been the Frontier: The American
Revolution in Shawnee Country.
The Shawnee Indians has resisted the Americans and fought for their own revolutionary war for two decades before and after the American Revolutionary War. They had been “fighting for their freedom long before Lexington and, as for many Indian peoples, the Revolution renewed and intensified familiar pressures on their lands and culture” (Nichols, 118). The Shawnee leader Cornstalk united the other Maquachake leders to sent message to George Morgan for expressing their desire to peace and blame the the behavior of Mingoes (Nichols, 120). He also tried to move his people to a safer place to avoid the threat from Mingo, Cornstalk was murdered by America militia after the failure of the tactics and the Shawnees had to defect to the British. In order to avoid the further invasion of the Americans, Shawnees accepted Hamilton's war belt (Nichols, 121). Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty between the Native Americans and the United States signed in 1768, in which the Iroquois sold their lands out. Cornstalk was one of the Maquachake chiefs. Geo. Rogers Clark was a military officer who brought the great disaster to the Indians. He and his fellows “spent two days burning cornfields and plundering Shawnee graves for burial goods and scalps” (Nichols,
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Chillicothe and Thawekila were main responsible for “political concerns that affected the whole tribe and generally supplied tribal political leaders” (Nichols, 118). The Maquachakes were responsible for “health and medicine and provided healers and counselors” (Nichols, 119). Piquas took care of the religious and ritual affairs. Kispokis mainly prepared and provided the war chiefs. A large belt of wampum measuring about nine feet by six inches was a war belt. It represented a symbolic call to arms because it means that the tribal leaders supported the war effort if they accept

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