List each of the clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms) that M.T. exhibited and explain the pathophysiological basis of each one.
The symptoms associated with chest pain (angina) is caused by a temporary lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. Chest pain can vary in clinical presentation but most commonly presents as substernal chest discomfort. The pain or discomfort felt can range from mild to severe heaviness or pressure in the chest. This pain can often radiate from the jaw, neck, shoulder, arms and back. Jugular vein distention (JVD) can be seen in cardiac related chest pain because JVD results from atherosclerosis which causes the narrowing of the blood vessels which carries oxygen rich blood to the heart. JVD shows systemic venous …show more content…
What is learned from the CVP and the EKG findings? Laboratory tests are paramount in diagnosing and distinguishing chest pain from an acute myocardial infarction and also helpful in assessing risk factors associated with heart disease. A normal cholesterol level is <180 mg/dl, anything higher than that increases a person’s risk of heart disease and stroke. A total cholesterol level is determined by adding the HDL + LDL + 20% of the total triglyceride level. Normal HDL (good cholesterol) is >35 mg/dl. Normal LDL (bad cholesterol) is 65-180 mg/dl. Normal triglyceride level is <150 mg/dl. Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body. Cardiac markers such as CK, CK-MB and troponin T can also aid in the diagnosis and treatment plan regarding chest pain or angina. The normal CK level is 8-150 iu/l. Creatinine Kinase (CK) is an enzyme that aids in muscle contraction. An elevated CK level can be caused by heart damage, medications such as statins or other diseases. If the CK-MB is elevated and accompanied by chest pain, this is an indication of damage to the heart muscle. The normal CK-MB level is 0-3.9%, if elevated, it is likely that this enzyme leaked out of the cells and into the bloodstream in response to injury. The normal troponin T level is <0.01 ng/ml. An elevated troponin level is indicative of a pulmonary emboli, thromboembolic stroke or damage to the heart …show more content…
Streptokinase is a fibrinolytic agent which catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the enzyme responsible for clot dissolution in the body (Urden, Stacy, and Lough, 2010). Thus, the use of streptokinase stimulates lysis of the thrombus, resulting in opening of the obstructed coronary artery and restoration of blood flow to the affected myocardium muscle. Reperfusion therapy dissolves or removes the occluding coronary thrombus, thus recovering blood flow and oxygen delivery to the jeopardized myocardium. During fibrinolytic therapy, vital signs should be monitored every 15 minutes for the first hour, every 30 minutes for the next 2 hours, then hourly for the remaining 21 hours post fibrinolytic therapy to monitor for hemorrhage or
The symptoms associated with chest pain (angina) is caused by a temporary lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. Chest pain can vary in clinical presentation but most commonly presents as substernal chest discomfort. The pain or discomfort felt can range from mild to severe heaviness or pressure in the chest. This pain can often radiate from the jaw, neck, shoulder, arms and back. Jugular vein distention (JVD) can be seen in cardiac related chest pain because JVD results from atherosclerosis which causes the narrowing of the blood vessels which carries oxygen rich blood to the heart. JVD shows systemic venous …show more content…
What is learned from the CVP and the EKG findings? Laboratory tests are paramount in diagnosing and distinguishing chest pain from an acute myocardial infarction and also helpful in assessing risk factors associated with heart disease. A normal cholesterol level is <180 mg/dl, anything higher than that increases a person’s risk of heart disease and stroke. A total cholesterol level is determined by adding the HDL + LDL + 20% of the total triglyceride level. Normal HDL (good cholesterol) is >35 mg/dl. Normal LDL (bad cholesterol) is 65-180 mg/dl. Normal triglyceride level is <150 mg/dl. Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body. Cardiac markers such as CK, CK-MB and troponin T can also aid in the diagnosis and treatment plan regarding chest pain or angina. The normal CK level is 8-150 iu/l. Creatinine Kinase (CK) is an enzyme that aids in muscle contraction. An elevated CK level can be caused by heart damage, medications such as statins or other diseases. If the CK-MB is elevated and accompanied by chest pain, this is an indication of damage to the heart muscle. The normal CK-MB level is 0-3.9%, if elevated, it is likely that this enzyme leaked out of the cells and into the bloodstream in response to injury. The normal troponin T level is <0.01 ng/ml. An elevated troponin level is indicative of a pulmonary emboli, thromboembolic stroke or damage to the heart …show more content…
Streptokinase is a fibrinolytic agent which catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the enzyme responsible for clot dissolution in the body (Urden, Stacy, and Lough, 2010). Thus, the use of streptokinase stimulates lysis of the thrombus, resulting in opening of the obstructed coronary artery and restoration of blood flow to the affected myocardium muscle. Reperfusion therapy dissolves or removes the occluding coronary thrombus, thus recovering blood flow and oxygen delivery to the jeopardized myocardium. During fibrinolytic therapy, vital signs should be monitored every 15 minutes for the first hour, every 30 minutes for the next 2 hours, then hourly for the remaining 21 hours post fibrinolytic therapy to monitor for hemorrhage or