Cinematographic Metaphor Essay

Forceville (2006) points out that even though Lakoff and Johnson’s characterization of metaphor’s essence as “understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another” emphatically avoids the word “verbal” or “linguistic,” the validity of CMT’s claims about the existence of conceptual metaphors depends almost exclusively on the patterns detectable in verbal metaphors. An early study of metaphors in pictures is Kennedy (1982). Kennedy takes “metaphor” in the all-encompassing sense of what literary scholars call a “trope” or a “figure of speech” and identifies some 25 types, including “metonymy,” “hendiadys,” and “litotes.” Kennedy‘s early discussion of metaphor is restricted at some extent, so in later work, Kennedy elaborates on his theoretical work in various experiments. Kennedy (1993) reports, among other things, how congenitally blind children metaphorically draw a spinning wheel. …show more content…
He uses numerous examples to describe cinematographic metaphor under ten subtypes, which are less wide ranging than those by Kennedy, but they still study metaphor in the narrow sense, including for instance metonymy and synecdoche. Carroll (1994) criticizes Whittock for failing to take into account what the latter considers the most typical variety of visual or cinematographic metaphor, the visual hybrid (see also Carroll 1996). Carroll, unlike Kennedy and Whittock, moreover argues that visual metaphors differ from verbal ones in often allowing for reversal of target and source.
Forceville is the representatives to study MM. Forceville (1996) distinguish four types of pictorial metaphor. Later, Forceville (2002) expanding on earlier works, gives a systematic clarification of MM. The four types are: “contextual metaphor”; “hybrid metaphor”; “simile” and “integrated metaphor”. Based on his early works, Forceville (2006) distinguishes multimodality and