Chronic cardiac failure can be defined as ‘a clinical syndrome that develops in response to a cardiac injury or insult that causes decline in the pumping capacity (contractile function) of the heart’ (Lymperopolous et al. 2013). Betty has been experiencing chest pain, a decreased appetite and shortness of breath indicated by her oxygen saturation levels and increased respiratory rate. Additionally, she has bilateral peripheral pitting oedema and has had a cough. These are all signs and symptoms of chronic cardiac failure as recognised by the Heart Foundation (2015). In an attempt to achieve cardiovascular homeostasis, the sympathetic nervous system is activated. In chronic cardiac failure cardiac contractility is decreased due to decreased
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Cellulitis ‘is simply defined as an acute infection with inflammation of the skin involving the dermis and subcutaneous tissue’ as per Chambers (2013, pp. 1). The sympathetic nervous system and the inflammatory response within the human body are closely interrelated. Local inflammation caused at the site of Betty’s cellulitis activates immune cells and the production of cytokines, which as a result are able to initiate the HPA and SAM axis (Pongratz & Stuab 2014). Initiation of the SAM axis subsequently releases noradrenaline which promotes localised vasoconstriction. Chronic heart failure can impair the bodies ‘fight or flight’ response due to the heart muscles overall decreased function. This can result in a prolonged stress response being …show more content…
34, pp. 285-309.
Malfair, A & Schnitzer, T 2013, ‘Towards a mechanism- based approach to pain management in osteoarthritis’, Nature Reviews Rheumatology, vol.9, pp. 654-664, viewed 6 February, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2013.138
Marieb, EN & Hoehn, K 2013, Human anatomy and physiology, 9th edn, Pearson, San Francisco.
Marmo, L & D’Arcy, YM 2013, Compact clinical guide to critical care, trauma, and emergency pain management: an evidence- used approach for nurses, 1 edn, Springer Publishing Company, New York.
Pongratz, G & Stuab, R 2014, ‘The sympathetic nervous response in inflammation’, Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 16, no.6, pp. 504, viewed 8 February, http://dx.doi.10.1186/s13075-014-0504-2.
Ulrich- Lai, YM, Figueiredo, HF, Ostrander, MM, Choi, DC, England, WC, Herman, JP 2006, ‘Chronic stress induces adrenal hyperplasia and hypertrophy in a subregion- specific manner’, American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 291, no. 5, pp. 965-973, viewed 8 February,
Cellulitis ‘is simply defined as an acute infection with inflammation of the skin involving the dermis and subcutaneous tissue’ as per Chambers (2013, pp. 1). The sympathetic nervous system and the inflammatory response within the human body are closely interrelated. Local inflammation caused at the site of Betty’s cellulitis activates immune cells and the production of cytokines, which as a result are able to initiate the HPA and SAM axis (Pongratz & Stuab 2014). Initiation of the SAM axis subsequently releases noradrenaline which promotes localised vasoconstriction. Chronic heart failure can impair the bodies ‘fight or flight’ response due to the heart muscles overall decreased function. This can result in a prolonged stress response being …show more content…
34, pp. 285-309.
Malfair, A & Schnitzer, T 2013, ‘Towards a mechanism- based approach to pain management in osteoarthritis’, Nature Reviews Rheumatology, vol.9, pp. 654-664, viewed 6 February, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2013.138
Marieb, EN & Hoehn, K 2013, Human anatomy and physiology, 9th edn, Pearson, San Francisco.
Marmo, L & D’Arcy, YM 2013, Compact clinical guide to critical care, trauma, and emergency pain management: an evidence- used approach for nurses, 1 edn, Springer Publishing Company, New York.
Pongratz, G & Stuab, R 2014, ‘The sympathetic nervous response in inflammation’, Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 16, no.6, pp. 504, viewed 8 February, http://dx.doi.10.1186/s13075-014-0504-2.
Ulrich- Lai, YM, Figueiredo, HF, Ostrander, MM, Choi, DC, England, WC, Herman, JP 2006, ‘Chronic stress induces adrenal hyperplasia and hypertrophy in a subregion- specific manner’, American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 291, no. 5, pp. 965-973, viewed 8 February,