Q1. What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD?
Ans. The clinical findings are likely in R.S. as consequences of his COPD are SOB, history of smoking, thick sputum and sputum may be purulent, productive cough, wheezing, rhonchi and decreased breath sounds, dyspnea, chills, muscle aches, fatigue may be evident during meals, when walking and even after rest. In chronic obstructive lung problems are known because resistance in airflow increases and causes obstruction in the walls of lumen. Patient must have had chronic or productive cough that would last for 3 months and then happen it again for at least 2 years or more. Chronic bronchitis is also known as type B COPD or the “blue bloater,” which is diagnosed symptomatically by hypersecretion of bronchial mucus and in R.S.’s clinical findings there is definitely signs of emphysema, airway obstruction is persistent and irreversible.
Q2. How would the consequences of the COPD of R.S. (identified in question 1) differ from those of emphysematous COPD? Ans. Emphysema is a type A COPD “pink puffer.” Emphysematous COPD is a destructive changings in the alveolar walls without fibrous and abnormal enlargement of the distal air sacs. It is commonly linked with chronic bronchitis which R.S. has developed over the years due to smoking. One major cause of emphysema is smoking, mostly seen in older people above the age of 50 and smoking 70 packs a year, when occurs in young to middle-aged adults or before the age of 50 in a smoker, it may be associated with a deficiency of a-antitrypsin activity in the lung. It leads to inflammation in the lung tissue causing the release of proteolytic enzyme that directly damages alveolar tissue and activates a-antitrypsin which protects the lung tissue. Emphysema may follow bacterial lung infections. Patients with emphysema are usually thin, has SOB due to increased respiratory effort and using more of their energy trying to breath; they can have progressive dyspnea and the use of pursed-lip to breath and use accessory respiratory muscle as they try to empty CO2 from the lungs and digital clubbing. Barrel chest may occur as the lungs overinflate, and the patient may sit in a forward and hunched position to relieve chest pressure. Q3. Interpret R.S.’s laboratory results. How would his acid-base disorder be classified? What is the most likely cause of his polycythemia? Ans. R.S.’s laboratory results show that he has respiratory acidosis, which is impaired gas exchange and neuromuscular function caused by lungs retaining CO2 …show more content…
Theophylline has a longer acting and has anti-inflammatory effect, also appears to produce relatively constant levels of effect on airway responsiveness and clinical efficacy around the clock. Theophylline is use to prevent and treat wheezing, SOB, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other lung diseases. In R.S.’s case it should be efficient because it helps open and relax air passages and makes it easier to breath. And B2 agonist is a shorter acting bronchodilator used for first defensive inhaler. You use B2 agonist first to open up the airways and then administer with Theophylline tablet to keep the airways open. Both are bronchodilators but theophylline is given if the first one, B2 agonist prescribed has not worked effectively on the patient. Bronchodilator therapy is given to reverse airway obstruction and to slow the rate of disease progression. Theophylline has been proven for many years to be more effective for treating
Ans. The clinical findings are likely in R.S. as consequences of his COPD are SOB, history of smoking, thick sputum and sputum may be purulent, productive cough, wheezing, rhonchi and decreased breath sounds, dyspnea, chills, muscle aches, fatigue may be evident during meals, when walking and even after rest. In chronic obstructive lung problems are known because resistance in airflow increases and causes obstruction in the walls of lumen. Patient must have had chronic or productive cough that would last for 3 months and then happen it again for at least 2 years or more. Chronic bronchitis is also known as type B COPD or the “blue bloater,” which is diagnosed symptomatically by hypersecretion of bronchial mucus and in R.S.’s clinical findings there is definitely signs of emphysema, airway obstruction is persistent and irreversible.
Q2. How would the consequences of the COPD of R.S. (identified in question 1) differ from those of emphysematous COPD? Ans. Emphysema is a type A COPD “pink puffer.” Emphysematous COPD is a destructive changings in the alveolar walls without fibrous and abnormal enlargement of the distal air sacs. It is commonly linked with chronic bronchitis which R.S. has developed over the years due to smoking. One major cause of emphysema is smoking, mostly seen in older people above the age of 50 and smoking 70 packs a year, when occurs in young to middle-aged adults or before the age of 50 in a smoker, it may be associated with a deficiency of a-antitrypsin activity in the lung. It leads to inflammation in the lung tissue causing the release of proteolytic enzyme that directly damages alveolar tissue and activates a-antitrypsin which protects the lung tissue. Emphysema may follow bacterial lung infections. Patients with emphysema are usually thin, has SOB due to increased respiratory effort and using more of their energy trying to breath; they can have progressive dyspnea and the use of pursed-lip to breath and use accessory respiratory muscle as they try to empty CO2 from the lungs and digital clubbing. Barrel chest may occur as the lungs overinflate, and the patient may sit in a forward and hunched position to relieve chest pressure. Q3. Interpret R.S.’s laboratory results. How would his acid-base disorder be classified? What is the most likely cause of his polycythemia? Ans. R.S.’s laboratory results show that he has respiratory acidosis, which is impaired gas exchange and neuromuscular function caused by lungs retaining CO2 …show more content…
Theophylline has a longer acting and has anti-inflammatory effect, also appears to produce relatively constant levels of effect on airway responsiveness and clinical efficacy around the clock. Theophylline is use to prevent and treat wheezing, SOB, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other lung diseases. In R.S.’s case it should be efficient because it helps open and relax air passages and makes it easier to breath. And B2 agonist is a shorter acting bronchodilator used for first defensive inhaler. You use B2 agonist first to open up the airways and then administer with Theophylline tablet to keep the airways open. Both are bronchodilators but theophylline is given if the first one, B2 agonist prescribed has not worked effectively on the patient. Bronchodilator therapy is given to reverse airway obstruction and to slow the rate of disease progression. Theophylline has been proven for many years to be more effective for treating