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Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

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Introduction
Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to the health and wellbeing of the population. Antibiotic resistance has posed challenges to the public health community, while negatively impacting the general population (Another sentence of two about antibiotic resistance in general, the increasing trends and some figures). Today, carbapenemase producing-carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE) is a group of gram-negative bacteria that are challenging public health professionals worldwide. CP-CRE has been classified as an urgent issue from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and requires immediate action.A CP-CRE infections are classified as multi-drug resistant organisms, due to their ability to resist the action of …show more content…
Coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, Yersinia species and many other species.C Enterobacteriaceae can develop resistance to the antibiotic class of carbapenems and are classified as carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). CRE can develop resistance to carbapenems by producing an enzyme called carbapenemase and the most common mechanisms in the United States includes Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM-1), Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamse (VIM), or Imipenemase metallo-β-lactamase (IMP).D The CRE that produce carbapenemase are classified as CP-CRE and carbapemease works to breakdown carbapenems by hydrolyzing the antibiotics.E Determining if a CRE is classified as a CP-CRE requires phenotypic and/or genotypic tests on the isolate.F Phenotypic tests can be done my measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or the smallest concentration needed to inhibit the growth of the isolate and compared to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute’s (CLSI’s) set breakpoints.F,G Additionally, genotypic tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used in conjunction with phenotypic tests to diagnose …show more content…
C, F
Epidemiology
Carbapenem resistance was first discovered among an isolate of Klebsiella pneiumoniae in North Carolina in 1996, while carbapenem resistance was infrequently reported among Enterobacteriaceae before 1990.H Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing bacteria strains emerged in Arizona, the Northeastern United Sates, and a medical center in New York faced an outbreak of 24 cases with a 33% fatality

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