Keith Orton is a 61-year-old male in Bolton, United Kingdom who was diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in 1998 after smoking an estimated 300,000 cigarettes.1 After an estimated 65 pack-years exposure to tobacco, Mr. Orton was hooked up to an oxygen machine and struggled with daily chores.1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a collective group of lung diseases that cause respiratory insufficiency and inhibits breathing.2 Due to the common associated symptoms of coughing and sputum, as well as the ambiguity of ‘respiratory illness’, COPD is widely underdiagnosed.3 The World Health Organisation defines COPD as “lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing”4. Under the ICD-10 system, unspecified COPD is classified as J44 of the Diseases of the Respiratory System.5 Whilst the definition commonly encompasses emphysema …show more content…
The researchers acknowledged that the minimum sample size of 600 for each city was not enough to garner a statistically significant population with COPD.7 Even though the study encouraged each site to recruit more participants, some cities such as Lexington, USA had low response rates shown in Table 1.7 Even with these limitations, the study still indicates that tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for COPD.
Part C
Whilst advertising campaigns continue to shape community attitudes, the 2012 Tobacco Plain Packaging legislation was a landmark campaign targeting tobacco smoking as the major risk factor for COPD. The initiative’s scope involved mandatory graphic health warnings and the removal of brand advertising on all tobacco products in Australia in order to deter smokers.8 Indeed, the United States National Cancer Institute found that plain packaging “limits the ease with which consumers associated particular images with cigarette brands and significantly influences smoking
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a collective group of lung diseases that cause respiratory insufficiency and inhibits breathing.2 Due to the common associated symptoms of coughing and sputum, as well as the ambiguity of ‘respiratory illness’, COPD is widely underdiagnosed.3 The World Health Organisation defines COPD as “lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing”4. Under the ICD-10 system, unspecified COPD is classified as J44 of the Diseases of the Respiratory System.5 Whilst the definition commonly encompasses emphysema …show more content…
The researchers acknowledged that the minimum sample size of 600 for each city was not enough to garner a statistically significant population with COPD.7 Even though the study encouraged each site to recruit more participants, some cities such as Lexington, USA had low response rates shown in Table 1.7 Even with these limitations, the study still indicates that tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for COPD.
Part C
Whilst advertising campaigns continue to shape community attitudes, the 2012 Tobacco Plain Packaging legislation was a landmark campaign targeting tobacco smoking as the major risk factor for COPD. The initiative’s scope involved mandatory graphic health warnings and the removal of brand advertising on all tobacco products in Australia in order to deter smokers.8 Indeed, the United States National Cancer Institute found that plain packaging “limits the ease with which consumers associated particular images with cigarette brands and significantly influences smoking