Breast cancer in females
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
? Malignancy that develops in the cells of the breast which proliferates uncontrollably; most commonly ductal and lobular
carcinoma
? Diagnosis requires a tissue biopsy for microscopic examination to determine pathology
CLASSIFICATION
? The TNM classification is used for clinical staging of breast tumors. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th
edition stages breast cancer as follows:?26
? TX: primary tumor cannot be assessed
? T0: no evidence of primary tumor
? Tis: cancer in situ
? Tis (DCIS): ductal carcinoma in situ
? Tis (LCIS): lobular carcinoma in situ
? Tis (Paget): Paget disease of the nipple not associated with DCIS/LCIS
? T1: 20 mm but =50 mm in greatest dimension
? T3: >50 mm in greatest dimension …show more content…
Though the incidence of breast cancer is lower in black women than white women, breast cancer mortality for small-
sized tumors is higher?2
? Other risk factors/associations
? Later age at first birth and nulliparity account for a large fraction of U.S. breast cancer cases, 29.5%.?11
? Higher income contributed 18.9%.?11
? Family history of breast cancer accounted for 9.1%.?11
? Women with dense breasts have increased risk, proportionate to the degree of density.
? This increased relative risk ranges from 1.79 for women with slightly increased density to 4.64 for women with very dense breasts, compared with women who have the lowest breast density.?15
? Combination hormone therapy (estrogen-progesterone) is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer ? Exposure of the breast to ionizing radiation is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, starting 10 years after exposure and persisting lifelong
? Obesity is associated with an increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women who have not used hormone therapy ? Alcohol consumption is associated with increased breast cancer risk in a dose-dependent fashion: the greater
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
? Malignancy that develops in the cells of the breast which proliferates uncontrollably; most commonly ductal and lobular
carcinoma
? Diagnosis requires a tissue biopsy for microscopic examination to determine pathology
CLASSIFICATION
? The TNM classification is used for clinical staging of breast tumors. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th
edition stages breast cancer as follows:?26
? TX: primary tumor cannot be assessed
? T0: no evidence of primary tumor
? Tis: cancer in situ
? Tis (DCIS): ductal carcinoma in situ
? Tis (LCIS): lobular carcinoma in situ
? Tis (Paget): Paget disease of the nipple not associated with DCIS/LCIS
? T1: 20 mm but =50 mm in greatest dimension
? T3: >50 mm in greatest dimension …show more content…
Though the incidence of breast cancer is lower in black women than white women, breast cancer mortality for small-
sized tumors is higher?2
? Other risk factors/associations
? Later age at first birth and nulliparity account for a large fraction of U.S. breast cancer cases, 29.5%.?11
? Higher income contributed 18.9%.?11
? Family history of breast cancer accounted for 9.1%.?11
? Women with dense breasts have increased risk, proportionate to the degree of density.
? This increased relative risk ranges from 1.79 for women with slightly increased density to 4.64 for women with very dense breasts, compared with women who have the lowest breast density.?15
? Combination hormone therapy (estrogen-progesterone) is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer ? Exposure of the breast to ionizing radiation is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, starting 10 years after exposure and persisting lifelong
? Obesity is associated with an increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women who have not used hormone therapy ? Alcohol consumption is associated with increased breast cancer risk in a dose-dependent fashion: the greater