Purpose and Background Cells divide in two ways, mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is used to produce cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell for growth, asexual reproduction, or repair after injury. Cells that are produced by mitosis are diploid, meaning that they have two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Meiosis is used to produce haploid cells that have only one set of chromosomes, a mix of chromosomes from both parents. Meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from their parent cells.…
Nucleotide: a nucleic acid monomer, consisting of five carbon sugar covalently bonded to nitrogenous base and phosphate group. DNA “backbone” : chain nucleotide made of sugar and phosphate group that are joined together by covalent bond and are resistant to cleavage Antiparallel: the 2 strands of DNA double helix that run in opposite directions of each other Reactive chemical group at the 5’ end of DNA: phosphate group Reactive chemical group at the 3’ end of DNA : hydroxyl group The four DNA nucleobases thymine (T), adenine (A), Cytosine (C) and guanine (G) , Complementary base pairing adenine and thymine pair (A-T) and guanine and cytosine pair (G-C) Melting temperature: temperature needed to break 50% of the hydrogen bonds Chromatin:…
According to http://www.encyclopedia.com, DNA which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is used for human genetic makeup. It has different sequences of bases and exist in human body. The sequence of it nucleotides are A, T, G, C; or, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, respectively. A DNA fingerprinting, is a DNA pattern that has a unique sequence such that it can be distinguished from the DNA patterns of other individual.…
Assignment 3.05 DNA DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is the stuff in humans and almost all other organisms. About every cell in you and everyone else's body has the same DNA. DNA is usually located in the cell nucleus (nuclear DNA),however small amounts of DNA can be found in the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). The DNA has information stored as a code created by four chemical bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Each base is connected to a sugar molecule and phosphate molecule.…
Interactive Question 7.2 Cite some experimental evidence that indicates that membrane proteins drift. A good form of experimental evidence is Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, aka FRAP. In the FRAP process, membrane proteins are labelled with a green fluorescent protein, and part of the plasma membrane is “bleached” with a laser, causing them to lose their fluorescence. The part that was bleached will eventually become fluorescent again, as molecules drift in by diffusion.…
The purpose of this lab report is to discuss experiments performed in order to study the ctrA gene. It was hypothesized that ctrA will be present in the four bacterial species studied, which are Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1, Rhodobacter sphaeroides 17029, Escherichia coli DH5훂, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB5. It was also hypothesized that ctrA is more conserved in closely related species and less conserved in not closely related species. The last hypothesis for this study is that the promoter regions of ctrA is more conserved in closely related species and less conserved in not closely related species. All sequenced genomes of alpha proteobacteria contain ctrA genes.…
Stem Cell Assignment 1. Summary of “Your Inner Healers” New scientific discoveries have shown that adult mouse cells can be “rewound” to once again be pluripotent like they were in their former embryonic state by adding a mixture of genes to the cells (called induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, or iPSCs). This contradicts the natural progression of cells’ potency as they age: in their early formation, embryonic cells have the ability to mature into any one of the 220 types of human cells, and soon after that they begin to lose potency and are only multipotent — able to develop into just a few different types of cells, until finally they become terminally differentiated, and therefore unable to develop into any other types of cells.…
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis also known as BPA is defined as the diameter and shape of blood splatters, which reflects the origin and trajectory of external blood flow in the context of homicide or violent death, in which the skin surface is disrupted (Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Bloodstain+Pattern ). The development of bloodstain pattern analysis dates back to nearly 150 years ago in history and through the years there have been many studies, developments, and forensic disciplines that have outlined or shaped the ideology around how bloodstain patterns are examined, defined, and characterized in today’s society. According to Tom Bevel and Ross M. Gardner’s book Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction bloodstain pattern analysis was initially first found and utilized in Europe and for at least ninety years of its existence from 1850-1940 dealt with a great debate and worry among continental authors about the identification of blood.…
Liquid biopsy as a Game Changer Pancreatic cancer is ready for investigation with a liquid biopsy, as indicated by analysts at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center52. A liquid biopsy is the simple, cheaper and faster, minimally invasive sampling and analysis of liquid biomarkers that can be isolated from body fluids, primarily blood14, 53. Moreover, liquid biopsies have turned out to be all the more clinically valuable in recent years due to the ability to pair tests on circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor nucleic acids (ctNAs) and tumor derived exosomes with genomic tests53-56. (Figure 1A) Interestingly, liquid biopsy can characterize tumor biomarkers, similar to tissue biopsy which allows early detection of disease,…
If you had told someone in the early 1800’s that every cell in your body contains something called DNA made of molecules called nucleotides (DNA) that determine every characteristic about you, from your height and eye color to whether or not you’ll get a certain disease or condition, they would think you were crazy. Today, most students learn about DNA in middle school biology. DNA was first discovered by a German biochemist named Frederich Miescher in 1869, but its importance was not realized until 1953 (DNA). Genetic testing, “a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins” (What is Genetic Testing?), however, was first done in the 1910s with ABO blood typing (O’Neil). Today, testing is used for determining paternity, determining a person’s chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder, and to confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition (What is genetic testing?).…
A prognostic biomarker classically identifies patients with differing risks of a specific outcome, such progression or death [25, 26]. Recently, the prognostic biomarker was defined as a single trait or signature of traits that separates a population with respect to the outcome of interest, regardless of the types of therapies or treatments [27]. For example, under this description, if a particular biomarker were prognostic, the result (clinical response) of patients with biomarker-positive status would be improved than that of patients with biomarker-negative status in both the test and standard treatments. The prognostic biomarker can decide populations into groups whose result will be poor or good following the test and standard treatments,…
Why the Study of Biology is Important: Biology is important today because it allows people to figure out how people do things to figure out health problems a person may have and how to solve them. In the future, technology will be used alongside biology more and more in the future to find problems people might experience in their lives and increase life spans. Analyze 1. What role does biology play in your life now?…
Introduction Affinity Chromatography, also referred to as biospecific chromatography, is a technique of partitioning rooted in biological affinity (Dean). This practice capitalizes on complex interactions such as bond formation between enzymes and substrate, or more broadly: macromolecules and ligands. Purification is at the center of the use of affinity chromatography. In general, samples may be run through a gel that contains a corresponding component that binds with the sample at certain conditions. These conditions vary from acidity level, contending ligands, to ionic strength (Dean).…
Everyone is made up of their parent’s genes like it or not. Everything about a person comes from their parents to create their DNA. There is good and bad to genetics being passed down. Genes can have many diseases and disorders passed down, there is a way to parents prepare for these problems and prevent these issues. What problems can genetic testing solve?…
Introduction These are the models of health such as biomedical and meaning of health are models of health conceptual fame work or ways of thinking about health (the way we think or consider about it.) What is bio-medical? Biomedical model of illness and healing takes a look at the biomedical factors which are things you insert into your body.…