Introduction
Although China and India have deep historical heritage in higher education (HE), modern university is an imported concept in both countries. Starting from the mid-19th century, as non-Western civilizations, both India and China established their modern HE through what might be seen as processes of internationalization. India and China have come through very different historical experiences, which have shaped their present internationalization efforts. The purpose of my research is to develop a comparative analysis of how internationalization process shaped their modern HE systems at different historical periods in order to understand their present challenges. This research divides the history of HE internationalization in both …show more content…
This research also reviews the historical roots of HE in ancient India and China for exploring the mental states of both countries. In comparing the two countries, this paper focuses on the macro historical mapping of national strategies. My research questions are: 2) Why did India and China failed to become “core” countries in international HE and knowledge production system during “non-aligned” period? 2) What can India and China learn from the history while dealing with the present issues related to HE internationalization?
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this research is based on dependency theory, center-periphery model, and the concept of these two countries as “gigantic peripheries” (Altbach, 2001, p.199). For describing the relationships between developing and developed countries, the dependency theory “argues that the world’s present state can be most validly seen as the outcome of domination by the ‘have’ countries over the ‘have-nots’” (Eckstein & Noah, 1984, p.213). …show more content…
Holmes (1981) developed this taxonomy based on Karl Popper’s “critical dualism”. Popper described critical dualism as “the position researched when a conscious differentiation is made between the man-enforced normative laws”, which can be made, changed, and estimated by man, and the “natural regularities” or “sociological laws”, which “are connected with the functioning of social institutions” and “play a role in our social life similar to natural law in engineering” (Holmes, 1981, p.77). Following this theory, Holmes’s (1981) taxonomy contains four kinds of patterns: 1) the normative patterns based on Popper’s normative laws, 2) the institutional patterns based on Popper’s sociological laws, 3) the environmental patterns which provide the context for the national conditions, and 4) the patterns of mental states or people’s “lower valuations” or “mores” (Holmes, 1981, p.83). The normative pattern “include[s] the statements about the norms and normative law” (Holmes, 1981, p.80), such as the political ideology in the constitution. The institutional pattern contains the descriptions about the system (e.g. education system, legal system, and political system). The environmental patterns contain the information about national condition (e.g. natural environment and economic development status). The patterns of mental states include persistent
Although China and India have deep historical heritage in higher education (HE), modern university is an imported concept in both countries. Starting from the mid-19th century, as non-Western civilizations, both India and China established their modern HE through what might be seen as processes of internationalization. India and China have come through very different historical experiences, which have shaped their present internationalization efforts. The purpose of my research is to develop a comparative analysis of how internationalization process shaped their modern HE systems at different historical periods in order to understand their present challenges. This research divides the history of HE internationalization in both …show more content…
This research also reviews the historical roots of HE in ancient India and China for exploring the mental states of both countries. In comparing the two countries, this paper focuses on the macro historical mapping of national strategies. My research questions are: 2) Why did India and China failed to become “core” countries in international HE and knowledge production system during “non-aligned” period? 2) What can India and China learn from the history while dealing with the present issues related to HE internationalization?
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this research is based on dependency theory, center-periphery model, and the concept of these two countries as “gigantic peripheries” (Altbach, 2001, p.199). For describing the relationships between developing and developed countries, the dependency theory “argues that the world’s present state can be most validly seen as the outcome of domination by the ‘have’ countries over the ‘have-nots’” (Eckstein & Noah, 1984, p.213). …show more content…
Holmes (1981) developed this taxonomy based on Karl Popper’s “critical dualism”. Popper described critical dualism as “the position researched when a conscious differentiation is made between the man-enforced normative laws”, which can be made, changed, and estimated by man, and the “natural regularities” or “sociological laws”, which “are connected with the functioning of social institutions” and “play a role in our social life similar to natural law in engineering” (Holmes, 1981, p.77). Following this theory, Holmes’s (1981) taxonomy contains four kinds of patterns: 1) the normative patterns based on Popper’s normative laws, 2) the institutional patterns based on Popper’s sociological laws, 3) the environmental patterns which provide the context for the national conditions, and 4) the patterns of mental states or people’s “lower valuations” or “mores” (Holmes, 1981, p.83). The normative pattern “include[s] the statements about the norms and normative law” (Holmes, 1981, p.80), such as the political ideology in the constitution. The institutional pattern contains the descriptions about the system (e.g. education system, legal system, and political system). The environmental patterns contain the information about national condition (e.g. natural environment and economic development status). The patterns of mental states include persistent