Leaky gut
ALD is preceded by leaky gut, which is both directly and indirectly caused by alcohol consumption. Alcohol is fermented in the gut and produces acetaldehyde, which disrupts the tight junctions that hold the intestinal cells together (Llorente and Schnabl 2015). In addition to this, alcohol causes leaky gut by inducing inflammation (Chart 1). Alcohol and bacteria “cooperate” to cause inflammation of the bowel and the liver that causes the gut to become more permeable. Wang et al., (2013) demonstrated in mice models that bacteria cells and bacterial products translocate into the portal vein via the leaks created by the acetaldehyde, the product of ethanol fermentation in the colon, before and after dysbiosis occurs. Lipopolysaccharides and flagellin are protein ligands present on and around Gram-negative bacteria that would be among those translocating, and they bind to toll like receptor (TRL) 4 and TLR5 on macrophages in the portal vein and Kupffer cells in the liver of mice (Wang et al., 2013; Jarvelainen et al., 2000). The alcohol opens a pathway for the bacteria to travel into the portal vein where they are detected by the …show more content…
Alcohol’s fermented state disrupts the tight joints of the intestinal wall, allowing ligands to enter the portal vein that trigger the immune system to inflame the area, resulting in increased intestinal permeability and a positive feedback loop of inflammation that cannot be corrected by Lactobacillus due to the alcohol inhibiting the synthesis of LCFAs that Lactobacillus needs to function (Llorente and Schnabl, 2015; Wang et al., 2013). Alcohol also causes fat build-ups in the liver, commonly referred to as fatty
ALD is preceded by leaky gut, which is both directly and indirectly caused by alcohol consumption. Alcohol is fermented in the gut and produces acetaldehyde, which disrupts the tight junctions that hold the intestinal cells together (Llorente and Schnabl 2015). In addition to this, alcohol causes leaky gut by inducing inflammation (Chart 1). Alcohol and bacteria “cooperate” to cause inflammation of the bowel and the liver that causes the gut to become more permeable. Wang et al., (2013) demonstrated in mice models that bacteria cells and bacterial products translocate into the portal vein via the leaks created by the acetaldehyde, the product of ethanol fermentation in the colon, before and after dysbiosis occurs. Lipopolysaccharides and flagellin are protein ligands present on and around Gram-negative bacteria that would be among those translocating, and they bind to toll like receptor (TRL) 4 and TLR5 on macrophages in the portal vein and Kupffer cells in the liver of mice (Wang et al., 2013; Jarvelainen et al., 2000). The alcohol opens a pathway for the bacteria to travel into the portal vein where they are detected by the …show more content…
Alcohol’s fermented state disrupts the tight joints of the intestinal wall, allowing ligands to enter the portal vein that trigger the immune system to inflame the area, resulting in increased intestinal permeability and a positive feedback loop of inflammation that cannot be corrected by Lactobacillus due to the alcohol inhibiting the synthesis of LCFAs that Lactobacillus needs to function (Llorente and Schnabl, 2015; Wang et al., 2013). Alcohol also causes fat build-ups in the liver, commonly referred to as fatty