European efforts to colonize were insufficient and their broadcast of power was extremely uneven, partially due to the high costs associated with the process of colonization coupled with lack of European interest in investing both time and resources on mainland Africa. Using what Terence Ranger calls invention of tradition, European colonial powers attempted to colonize Africa, to which Africans such as Wangrin in Amadou Hampte Ba’s in The Fortunes of Wangrin responded by straddling the line between the colonial society and the traditional African societies; others, such Samuel Ajayi Crowther in Nigeria used defensive westernization; and others, such as the Shona in southern Zimbabwe, engaged in resistance movements to European
European efforts to colonize were insufficient and their broadcast of power was extremely uneven, partially due to the high costs associated with the process of colonization coupled with lack of European interest in investing both time and resources on mainland Africa. Using what Terence Ranger calls invention of tradition, European colonial powers attempted to colonize Africa, to which Africans such as Wangrin in Amadou Hampte Ba’s in The Fortunes of Wangrin responded by straddling the line between the colonial society and the traditional African societies; others, such Samuel Ajayi Crowther in Nigeria used defensive westernization; and others, such as the Shona in southern Zimbabwe, engaged in resistance movements to European