The mice will be divided into 4 groups as follows Group 1 (24) - This group will receive vehicle (no HIV-1 Tat or influenza vaccine). This serves as control for all the other groups Group 2 – This group will receive HIV-1 Tat at week 1 and week 3 intravenously at a dose of 500 ng (to determine the effect of only HIV-1 Tat). Group 3 – This group will receive vehicle on week 1 and week 3, followed by influenza vaccine on week 4 and booster dose on week 7 (to determine the responses mediated only by influenza vaccine). Group 4 – This group will receive HIV-1 Tat on week 1 and week 3, followed by influenza vaccine on week 4 and booster dose on week 7 (to determine the effect of HIV-1 Tat on influenza vaccine).…
Abstract Smallpox is a highly infectious disease caused by the Variola virus. This report explores the taxonomic classification, “life cycle”, and mechanism of replication of this pathogen, as well as discusses the virulence and treatment options for an infected human host. This member of the Orthopoxvirus genus is extremely virulent, and has a fatality rate of nearly 30%. While this virus only attacks a human host, similar members of the Voxviridae family produce similar infections in animals.…
The Norwalk Virus is the most common cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the world. It is named for the city of Norwalk,Ohio in which the first confirmed outbreak occurred in 1968,infecting almost all the students and teachers of a nearby school. This epidemic, also known as Norovirus, is spherical shaped with hexagonal designs spanning all round its surface. When examined through a microscope,this virus can be in different colors ranging from red and orange to blue and green.…
HIV is a virus transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids. The virus weakens the body’s defenses against other infections (Merck Manual, 2015). A large number of infected people remain feeling “well” for many years, but if they do not seek treatment their condition will worse and eventually have their immune system be ineffective (Merck Manual, 2015). Although no actual cure exists, some treatments are available. According to the Manual, “HIV drugs…can stop HIV from reproducing, strengthen the immune system, and thus make people less susceptible to infection, but the drugs cannot, with rare exceptions, eliminate HIV” (Merck Manual, 2015).…
One of the most common known Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) that has become a global health issue is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus better known as HIV. HIV targets the immune system and weakens people’s surveillance and defense systems against infections and some types of cancer (WHO, 2014). HIV targets specific cells in the immune system they are the CD4 cells or preferably known as T cells (CDC, 2015). HIV has different symptoms depending on the stage the virus is in. The reason so many people have HIV is because in the beginning the contaminated person does not know they have the virus thus, leading to the spread of the virus.…
As we know, the mummy of Egypt's famed King Tutankhamun has taken an extensive study over his death. People tried to solve the mysteries of his death through the mummy. The young ruler's life was short and he might died because of some unknown diseases. Scientists were already spending two years on the mummy of Tuts by conducting DNA testing and CT scans. Compare to other mummies, the King Tut did not have a Marfan Syndrome, but he was not a healthy man either.…
CD4 cells, also known as T cells, are specialized white blood cells that are crucial to the immune response. HIV destroys CD4 cells. The lower the cell count, the weaker the immune…
For a very long period of time, pathogens, or disease-causing organisms and substances, have truly devastated humanity. Numerous prominent personalities of history have been afflicted by such complications. George Washington, in the early years of the American Revolution, was bothered by one of the notorious variola diseases through the course of time: smallpox. He described such conditions caused by these viruses as a potentially greater threat; greater than “the Sword of the Enemy”. This virus not only threatened his life, but it compromised their victory of Washington’s army as well, when they were fighting for independence from Britain (Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 2015).…
My interests in science are rooted in studying the physiological and pathological ways of infectious disease and are what has me captivated within the medical field of research. The way the infectious agents evades our own bodily defenses and how they evolve to ward off medicine is a biological marvel that has me wanting to dissect every inch of the mechanisms that allows them to be such cunning infectious agents. I was the growing kid that spent hours of his free time reading and bookmarking science articles on the computer. My love for biology spilled over into the books I read and gave me the encouragement to take my first and last advance placement biology course before graduating high school. Getting an A in that biology class was my greatest…
Stigmatization of major illnesses and diseases in today’s society provides barriers for individuals and their overall health and health literacy. Stigmatization leads to many complications with people living with certain disabilities in the workforce and provides limitations with social life. In regards to health care, it is important to study stigmas in order to diminish certain ones that exist in our society. Overcoming stigmas in the health field can help to increase preventative measures and treatment efforts. Discrimination and stigmas often go hand in hand in how they create barriers to care and health equity.…
The Hot Zone by Richard Preston. Is a book that has many stories that are mainly about the filovirus which contain the two-main virus that the writer has written about it which they are Ebola and Marburg virus. The book also explains how did the virus have been discovered and how it really affected the community and what did the World Health Organization reacted on the virus effects on the world. The writer had written about how did the people react to the virus and how did the scientist struggle in discovering the virus and how did the Center of Disease Control started to do some action against the virus. In this paragraph, I will be discussing the people react to the virus and how about scientist struggle and discovering the cause of the virus.…
My week 1 paragraph assignment was on stigma surrounding HIV. After going through the paragraph over and over again I realized that there were some grammatical errors as well as sentence structure errors. Starting with the mechanics of writing, the paragraph portrayed poor punctuation thus making the sentence incomplete or incorrect. In the first sentence, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus, popularly known as HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system...” a comma is missing between “HIV” and “is” thus making the sentence incorrect.…
'Acquired Immune Deficiency Virus (AIDS) is caused by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the immune system , making the body susceptible to and unable to recover from opportunistic diseases that lead to death' (USAID, 2010, pp.173). It is one of the major challenges for Public Health and it is the world's leading infectious killer. According to the WHO, 35 million people are living with HIV worldwide. In middle and low income countries is the majority of infected people. In 2013, 2.1 million new infections occurred in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2013).…
We have been fighting to find a cure for HIV for a long time. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks cells of the immune system. Leading to a loss of immune function and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome also know as (AIDS). The reason we are coming to you is because we need your help to better lives and the future. We want you to donate money to this to make history and saves lives, but before you make your decision lets get a clear understanding of what HIV really is.…
"If you knew I was HIV positive would you still treat me as an equal, would you still be my friend, would you still touch me, would you still love me?” These are some of the thoughts that go through the minds of the millions of people worldwide who are currently living with HIV/AIDS. Despite the mass impact of the disease, many still remain ignorant to its definition, history, and effects, leading to the negative associations of those affected. I’m here to give you a brief enlightenment of HIV/AIDS in an effort to to lessen the misconceptions and stigma of HIV/ AIDS. First, we need to understand the basics.…