A possible chemical reason that this experiment yielded less than 100% cyclohexanone was due to the spontaneous decomposition of sodium hypochlorite, 2NaOCl = 2NaCl + O2, which decreased the amount of reactant present in the initial reaction when hypochlorous acid was formed, which was the oxidizing agent required to oxidize cyclohexanol into cyclohexanone. Sodium hypochlorite decomposed into O2 and NaCl due to a multitude of factors such as exposure to high temperatures, prolonged storage time or sunlight exposure. If a large enough quantity of the sodium hypochlorite was decomposed to limit the reaction that produced hypochlorous acid, the quantity of cyclohexanone produced may be affected. This would have resulted in a decrease in the production…
In Experiment 12B we used an umpolung reagent in an umpolung synthesis to synthesize benzoin from benzaldehyde. Umpolung synthesis is a synthetic approach that allows us to switch the identity of a reacting species. For example, the normal chemical reactivity of a nucleophile can be switched to one of an electrophilic compound. Two common agents are cyanide and thiamine (Vitamin B). The mechanisms for both agents are the same.…
Introduction An Alka seltzer is a Blood thinner and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can treat pain, fever, headache, and inflammation. Its two main ingredients are citric acid and baking soda. When the tablet is dropped in water, the citric acid and baking soda react, which causes the alka seltzer to dissolve. If an alka seltzer is dropped in orange juice, then it will dissolve quicker compared to water because the orange juice has a higher level of acidity.…
Oseltamivir is an antiviral drug used in the treatment and prophylaxis of both influenza virus A and influenza virus B. It was approved for seasonal influenza by US Food and Drug Administration in 1999, and approval from Japanese agencies and European Medicines Agency (EMA) followed soon afterwards. A pharmaceutical company Roche launched oseltamivir in the global market with Tamiflu as its brand name. In 2007 alone this pharmaceutical company was producing 400 million doses of the drug with a market value of 2.2 billion US dollars, and benefitted by more than 18 billion US dollars since the launch of the drug.…
Know One Drug Erin Wu I chose losartan. For your molecule: Note the primary indication, and a secondary indication (even if off label) The primary indication is hypertension. It is also used for diabetic neuropathy and hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy.…
At this step, the compound is stable and sits around until a source of proton is available to protonate. In the workup, the sulfuric acid is added to hydrolyze the product. The proton is bonded to the oxygen to making the final product neutral and a tertiary alcohol. Experimental…
There may have been errors in the lab that may have affected the results of the lab. There may have been mistakes: a person may have not measured the substances correctly while retrieving the liquids in the graduated cylinder, or not have been watching the conductivity probe while the group was measuring the electrolyte solution. Along with these, there is also the issue of timing the testing incorrectly. Adding onto this, there may have been a slight spill where the accurate amount of the substance being used was not completely added into the water for testing.…
Organic techniques, such as reflux and vacuum filtration, are used to perform Diels-Alder reactions. They are not complex reactions, but efficient and widely used.…
Fixed retained prosthesis versus implant supported over denture The advantages and disadvantages of overdenture compared with fixed prosthesis are: advantages - less implants, better aesthetic outcome, easy to care for and clean, improved peri-implant probing, can be removed at night to decrease the risk of nocturnal parafunctional overload, lower cost, easier to repair, and can be used as a provisional or temporary prosthesis until the permanent fixed prosthesis is fabricated; disadvantages - psychological factor (since it is a removable device), space required to accommodate the necessary bulk for the tissue bar and any retaining clips, long-term maintenance, continuous posterior bone loss, food impaction, and movement(20). On the…
Experimental Section - Chemicals Pyrrole, substituted benzaldehydes (p-anisaldehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde), triethylamine (TEA), p-terphenyl (TP) and ferrocene (Fc) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) was purchased from Frontier Scientific. Acetonitrile (MeCN), dichloromethane (DCM), 1,4-dioxane, and other organic solvents used were spectroscopic grade. These solvents were distilled from appropriate drying agents under argon just prior to use.…
Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used as a flavouring agent and in perfumes. The diastereomers of the alkene are distinguished through Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, where the coupling constants of alkenyl protons are different for (E) and (Z) isomers.4…
In this lab, we carried out a variety of reactions using different chemicals and metals. A chemical reaction is when the chemical state of the substance you are testing rearranges its ionic and molecular structure. One of the reactions we experienced was single replacement, this consists of one ion switching places with another ion to form a new compound. Another reaction we saw was double replacement. In this reaction, two compounds ions are switched to form two new compounds.…
One important aspect of organic chemistry is the synthesis of new compounds. It is also important for chemists to understand how to perform certain techniques, such as extraction and distillation, to produce the new products, which are usually drugs and cures for illnesses. In this experiment, n-butyl bromide was produced. n-Butyl bromide is an alkyl halide, which are usually synthesized by an alcohol and an acid. In the case of n-butyl bromide, n-butyl alcohol was used along with sodium bromide and sulfuric acid.…
1-pyrenehexanoic acid was used as the 5-carbon linker and fluorescent component of the target molecule "PYRET-5". This molecule was purchased pure along with the sugar Trehalose, the molecule to which the pyrene was to be attached. Other reactants and solvents include HATU, HBTU, N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), sodium azide, Dimethylformamide (DMF), and Diphenyl phosphoryl chloride and were bought pure or used as received. All reactions were run at room temperature (298.15 K) and standard pressure unless otherwise noted.…
The melting point of the product at this step was 145.9-147.1°C, which is slightly below the 150 ° C melting point of pure N-acetyl-p-toluidine but much higher than the 43°C melting point of the beginning p-toluidine. The slightly lower melting point could be caused by impurities in the sample. Along with melting point results, the IR spectrum shows a single N–H stretch peak at 1659.31 cm-1 showing the addition of a C=O and shows a peak at 3287.55 cm-1 which suggests an amide while the IR of sample 1 shows N–H stretches at 3416.53 cm-1 and 3334.84 cm-1 which suggests an amine. The 1H NMR shows the addition of an amide by having a peak of three hydrogens at 2.305 ppm that did not exist on the NMR of the…