As you prepare this assignment what is the quality of the air you are currently breathing? What is the air quality of your location?
Air pollution is not relegated to the developing nations of our world. The Kingdom of Bahrain is an arid archipelago, consisting of many small islands and reclaimed land, situated in the western central Arabian Gulf. The estimated population of the affluent nation was 1.3 million people in 2014 (Whiting, 2014). According to the World Health Organization, this relatively small population ranks in at number 10 on the list of most polluted counties in the world due to its high levels of pollutants from energy production, dust, smoke and industrial emissions (WHO, 2014).
The temperature is extreme in summer, at present …show more content…
The principal source of air pollution in Bahrain is rising energy production as well as the number of vehicles on the road. Bahrain contributes less than 0.10 percent of the global total of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the planet (Ministry of State, 2002); however, the CO2 emissions in Bahrain are among the highest worldwide, at 28 tons CO2 per person in 2007 (2012). This level establishes Bahrain as the sixth highest emitter per capita in the world (Torr, 2009). The energy sector produces the highest level of CO2 at 75.8 percent. Power stations and the aluminium industry followed by waste effluents at 10.1 percent are the other major producers. The lowest at 5.7 percent was the transportation industry (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2003, Zainal, 2012). Petroleum processing and Refining. Aluminum smelting is another contributor. Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. is one of the largest aluminum smelters in the world. It produces more than 931,000 metric ton of aluminum per year. comprises five reduction lines, three cast houses, a dedicated carbon plant, a 550,000 mtpa coke calcining plant, a water desalination plant, 11 fume treatment plants, a marine terminal, and a 2,211 MW ISO power plant, consisting of 4 power stations. The entire plant operates to the Environmental Management System standard ISO 9001:2000 and nitric oxide (NOx) emissions are well below even the most demanding international standards (Awadh, 2005). Petrochemical …show more content…
But high concentrations of small and fine particulate pollution is particularly associated with high numbers of deaths from heart disease and stroke, as well as respiratory illnesses and cancers. Measurement of fine particulate matter of 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM 2.5) is considered to be the best indicator of the level of health risks from air pollution. The average PM 2.5 pollution in Bahrain was 57 ug/m3 and exposure to particulate matter less than 10 microns was equal to 254 mg/m3 in 2012. World Health Organization guideline limit for airborne particulate matter of 50ug/m3 (WHO, 2014).
Fine particles are easily inhaled into the lungs, where they may remain or be absorbed in the bloodstream. Among the most significant of these particles are sulfates, nitrates and soot (Botkin, 2004 p 529).
The air pollutants NO2, O3, and SO2 exceeded the standard and guideline values and O3 levels were the highest in an area near the Manama airport due to aircraft emissions (Khamdan and Al Madany,
Air pollution is not relegated to the developing nations of our world. The Kingdom of Bahrain is an arid archipelago, consisting of many small islands and reclaimed land, situated in the western central Arabian Gulf. The estimated population of the affluent nation was 1.3 million people in 2014 (Whiting, 2014). According to the World Health Organization, this relatively small population ranks in at number 10 on the list of most polluted counties in the world due to its high levels of pollutants from energy production, dust, smoke and industrial emissions (WHO, 2014).
The temperature is extreme in summer, at present …show more content…
The principal source of air pollution in Bahrain is rising energy production as well as the number of vehicles on the road. Bahrain contributes less than 0.10 percent of the global total of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the planet (Ministry of State, 2002); however, the CO2 emissions in Bahrain are among the highest worldwide, at 28 tons CO2 per person in 2007 (2012). This level establishes Bahrain as the sixth highest emitter per capita in the world (Torr, 2009). The energy sector produces the highest level of CO2 at 75.8 percent. Power stations and the aluminium industry followed by waste effluents at 10.1 percent are the other major producers. The lowest at 5.7 percent was the transportation industry (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2003, Zainal, 2012). Petroleum processing and Refining. Aluminum smelting is another contributor. Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. is one of the largest aluminum smelters in the world. It produces more than 931,000 metric ton of aluminum per year. comprises five reduction lines, three cast houses, a dedicated carbon plant, a 550,000 mtpa coke calcining plant, a water desalination plant, 11 fume treatment plants, a marine terminal, and a 2,211 MW ISO power plant, consisting of 4 power stations. The entire plant operates to the Environmental Management System standard ISO 9001:2000 and nitric oxide (NOx) emissions are well below even the most demanding international standards (Awadh, 2005). Petrochemical …show more content…
But high concentrations of small and fine particulate pollution is particularly associated with high numbers of deaths from heart disease and stroke, as well as respiratory illnesses and cancers. Measurement of fine particulate matter of 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM 2.5) is considered to be the best indicator of the level of health risks from air pollution. The average PM 2.5 pollution in Bahrain was 57 ug/m3 and exposure to particulate matter less than 10 microns was equal to 254 mg/m3 in 2012. World Health Organization guideline limit for airborne particulate matter of 50ug/m3 (WHO, 2014).
Fine particles are easily inhaled into the lungs, where they may remain or be absorbed in the bloodstream. Among the most significant of these particles are sulfates, nitrates and soot (Botkin, 2004 p 529).
The air pollutants NO2, O3, and SO2 exceeded the standard and guideline values and O3 levels were the highest in an area near the Manama airport due to aircraft emissions (Khamdan and Al Madany,