Many litigations involving Affirmative Action were contested in court, but two, in particular, were student Affirmative Action cases that were presented to the U.S. Supreme Court. The very first challenge to affirmative action programs in higher education is DeFunis v. Odegaard (1973), which involved Marco DeFunis, Jr. and the University of Washington Law School (UWLS) (Smallwood, 2015, p. 2). The lawsuit questions UWLS’s practice for considering minority applications separately from the rest of the applicant pool (Moreno, 2003, p. 17). The plaintiff, a white Jewish male of Spanish and Portuguese descent and was considered simply as white, was denied admission to law school both in 1970 and 1971. According to Kolling (1998), the lawsuit
