The Five Layer model is the Basic Reference Model (BRM) for the Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and creates the standard by which most modern computers communicate with one another. In January 1983, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) standardized TCP/IP protocols requiring all hosts to transition to the new standard or unable to communicate (Leiner, et al.). This standard created by two computer scientists widely regarded as the fathers of the internet, Vinton Cerf, and Robert Kahn who were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 by President Bush for their contributions to humanity (Leiner, et al.). Twenty years of combined research and development culminated in this new technology that profoundly
…show more content…
The TCP model predates the 7-layer or Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Incidentally, the OSI model is a competing BRM that shares some similarities to the TCP model. Specifically, TCP/IP are actually two sub-protocols with TCP represented in the OSI model by Layer-4’s Transport protocol, and IP represented by OSI Layer-3’s Network protocol (Gallo & Hancock, 1999). Furthermore, OSI has its roots in Europe developed under an international system before protocols or standards existed for networking. Europe’s approach relied heavily on state-owned nationally operated Post, Telephone, and Telegraph (PTT), and favored heavily, proprietary big business protocols. Lastly, the OSI models primary focus on telephony and little on computing led to the 7-layer model losing popularity to the more free form, and innovative 5-layer TCP model developed in America (Wyllys & Doty, …show more content…
Layer 1 is the physical layer and primarily focuses on the specifications of hardware to be used on a network. Layer 2 is the Data-Link Layer this identifies the network protocol type, for example IEEE802.2 framing, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) framing. Layer 3 is the network layer, and accepts and delivers packets for the network. Most notable are the Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). Layer 4 is the transport layer whose purpose is to ensure that all packets arrive in the right order error free, proper exchange of acknowledgements of data reception, and retransmitting any lost packets in a process known as end-to-end communications. The protocols at layer 4 are (TCP) and User Diagram Protocol (UDP). Layer 5 is the application layer and the central point of this paper. This layer provides the standard internet services and network applications that anyone can use as illustrated by the following protocols. TCP/IP services like ftp, tftp, and telnet commands. UNIX “r” commands rlogin, and rsh. NIS+ and Domain Name System (DNS) name services. NFS file service. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Routing Information Protocol (RIP), and Router Discovery Server protocol (RDISC) routing protocols.
The TCP model predates the 7-layer or Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Incidentally, the OSI model is a competing BRM that shares some similarities to the TCP model. Specifically, TCP/IP are actually two sub-protocols with TCP represented in the OSI model by Layer-4’s Transport protocol, and IP represented by OSI Layer-3’s Network protocol (Gallo & Hancock, 1999). Furthermore, OSI has its roots in Europe developed under an international system before protocols or standards existed for networking. Europe’s approach relied heavily on state-owned nationally operated Post, Telephone, and Telegraph (PTT), and favored heavily, proprietary big business protocols. Lastly, the OSI models primary focus on telephony and little on computing led to the 7-layer model losing popularity to the more free form, and innovative 5-layer TCP model developed in America (Wyllys & Doty, …show more content…
Layer 1 is the physical layer and primarily focuses on the specifications of hardware to be used on a network. Layer 2 is the Data-Link Layer this identifies the network protocol type, for example IEEE802.2 framing, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) framing. Layer 3 is the network layer, and accepts and delivers packets for the network. Most notable are the Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). Layer 4 is the transport layer whose purpose is to ensure that all packets arrive in the right order error free, proper exchange of acknowledgements of data reception, and retransmitting any lost packets in a process known as end-to-end communications. The protocols at layer 4 are (TCP) and User Diagram Protocol (UDP). Layer 5 is the application layer and the central point of this paper. This layer provides the standard internet services and network applications that anyone can use as illustrated by the following protocols. TCP/IP services like ftp, tftp, and telnet commands. UNIX “r” commands rlogin, and rsh. NIS+ and Domain Name System (DNS) name services. NFS file service. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Routing Information Protocol (RIP), and Router Discovery Server protocol (RDISC) routing protocols.