Modern surgical procedures employ a wide variety of technical devices ranging from basic mechanical instrumentation to high-tech robotic surgical complexes. Close to the top of this scale are laparoscopic surgical systems. Laparoscopic (aka minimally invasive surgery, later referred to as MIS) surgery by itself is a modern surgical technique in which operations are performed far from their location through small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) elsewhere in the body [1]. The key element in laparoscopic surgery is the use of a laparoscope, a long fiber optic cable system (with our without which allows viewing of the affected area by snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily accessible location.
One of the significant disadvantages …show more content…
First to mention should be image degradations. [4] The laparoscope’s light fiber bundles emerge directly next to its distal lenses. Hence, tissue surfaces perpendicular to the viewing direction show highlights, especially if the tissue is wet. Too much light may also cause severe heat and thus burn tissue which is close to the endoscope’s tip. Under these conditions abdomen may only be illuminated unevenly and with low contrast in some areas. Furthermore, close tissue surfaces may be over-exposed by the amount of light necessary to illuminate the rear part of the …show more content…
Human depth perception is mainly based on two eyes. The depth information is then extracted from the eye’s images according to the different position of the same object in the left and right image. Other clues related to the depth perception include: occlusion, illumination, and size information for still images, speed of object movement in relation to its size for moving images like in television. However, the impression is not the same as with real stereoscopic vision. The simple task of grasping an object with an endo-grasper illustrates the difference: while this task is simple with normal vision, it becomes extremely difficult when the unmodified projected image on a video monitor has to be used.
Difficult hand-eye coordination. The paradigm of hand-eye coordination describes the act of moving a hand (holding a surgical instrument) to a certain location. In the case of minimally invasive surgery, this task becomes very difficult due to the following reasons: apart from the loss of depth perception, the viewing direction of the laparoscope may not correspond to the surgeon’s view, and the movement has to be performed with a long instrument through a “keyhole”. For instance, the tip of the instrument moves left when the surgeon moves the instrument’s handle to the
One of the significant disadvantages …show more content…
First to mention should be image degradations. [4] The laparoscope’s light fiber bundles emerge directly next to its distal lenses. Hence, tissue surfaces perpendicular to the viewing direction show highlights, especially if the tissue is wet. Too much light may also cause severe heat and thus burn tissue which is close to the endoscope’s tip. Under these conditions abdomen may only be illuminated unevenly and with low contrast in some areas. Furthermore, close tissue surfaces may be over-exposed by the amount of light necessary to illuminate the rear part of the …show more content…
Human depth perception is mainly based on two eyes. The depth information is then extracted from the eye’s images according to the different position of the same object in the left and right image. Other clues related to the depth perception include: occlusion, illumination, and size information for still images, speed of object movement in relation to its size for moving images like in television. However, the impression is not the same as with real stereoscopic vision. The simple task of grasping an object with an endo-grasper illustrates the difference: while this task is simple with normal vision, it becomes extremely difficult when the unmodified projected image on a video monitor has to be used.
Difficult hand-eye coordination. The paradigm of hand-eye coordination describes the act of moving a hand (holding a surgical instrument) to a certain location. In the case of minimally invasive surgery, this task becomes very difficult due to the following reasons: apart from the loss of depth perception, the viewing direction of the laparoscope may not correspond to the surgeon’s view, and the movement has to be performed with a long instrument through a “keyhole”. For instance, the tip of the instrument moves left when the surgeon moves the instrument’s handle to the