As mentioned above, the research about ABE as an alternative fuel is still in the early phase. Most research deals with the combustion and emissions performance of ABE-diesel blends in diesel engines, while the study about SI engine fuelled by ABE-gasoline blends is still not sufficient. Nithyanandan et al. (2014) [223] undertook preliminary investigations of the per-formance and emissions of a port-fuel injected SI engine fuelled with ABE and gasoline with volumetric ratios of 0%, 20%, and 40% to create various fuel blends. Moreover, pure gasoline was also used as a baseline for comparison of ABE fuels. In-cylinder pressure data revealed that the peak pressure of ABE20 was higher comparing to gasoline and ABE40 showed a lower peak pressure.
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The combustion and emissions performance of ABE29.5W0.5, ABE30 and ABE0 (pure gasoline) were investigated. The test reported that ABE29.5W0.5 enhanced engine torque by 9.6%-12.7% and BTE by 5.2%-11.6% compared to pure gasoline, respectively. ABE29.5W0.5 also presented similar BSFC relative to pure gasoline. According to the MFB calculation, ABE29.5W0.5 presented a longer ignition delay and combustion duration, which meant that ABE29.5W0.5 had a lower combustion rate con-sequence of the reduced combustion temperature reduction due to water addition. Addition-ally, ABE29.5W0.5 produced a lower NOx and CO and also increased UHC, but showed de-creased NOx and CO emissions compared to ABE30 and pure gasoline. Another study done by the same authors [226] also evaluated the effect of water-containing ABE-gasoline blends (ABE30, ABE85, ABE29.5W0.5 and ABE29W1) on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of SI engine. In addition, ABE29W1 was compared with gasoline under vari-ous equivalence ratios and engine loads. The results revealed that ABE29W1 generally had a higher engine torque (3.1–8.2%) and lower CO (9.8–35.1%), UHC (27.4–78.2%) and NOx (4.1–39.4%) than those of gasoline. Study has investagated by [227] that reported a comparative study of high-alcohol-content gasoline blends in SI engines. It compared ethanol, butanol, and ABE as a fuel blends for internal combustion engines. The results indicated that: (1) E85 has the highest peak in-cylinder pressure and most advanced combustion phasing, while B85 has the lowest peak pressure and most retarded phasing. The longest ignition delay of B85 is mainly because butanol has the low vapour pressure leading to relatively poor evap-oration. Ignition delay and combustion duration decrease with increasing the equivalence ra-tio; (2) Compared to pure gasoline, all three
The combustion and emissions performance of ABE29.5W0.5, ABE30 and ABE0 (pure gasoline) were investigated. The test reported that ABE29.5W0.5 enhanced engine torque by 9.6%-12.7% and BTE by 5.2%-11.6% compared to pure gasoline, respectively. ABE29.5W0.5 also presented similar BSFC relative to pure gasoline. According to the MFB calculation, ABE29.5W0.5 presented a longer ignition delay and combustion duration, which meant that ABE29.5W0.5 had a lower combustion rate con-sequence of the reduced combustion temperature reduction due to water addition. Addition-ally, ABE29.5W0.5 produced a lower NOx and CO and also increased UHC, but showed de-creased NOx and CO emissions compared to ABE30 and pure gasoline. Another study done by the same authors [226] also evaluated the effect of water-containing ABE-gasoline blends (ABE30, ABE85, ABE29.5W0.5 and ABE29W1) on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of SI engine. In addition, ABE29W1 was compared with gasoline under vari-ous equivalence ratios and engine loads. The results revealed that ABE29W1 generally had a higher engine torque (3.1–8.2%) and lower CO (9.8–35.1%), UHC (27.4–78.2%) and NOx (4.1–39.4%) than those of gasoline. Study has investagated by [227] that reported a comparative study of high-alcohol-content gasoline blends in SI engines. It compared ethanol, butanol, and ABE as a fuel blends for internal combustion engines. The results indicated that: (1) E85 has the highest peak in-cylinder pressure and most advanced combustion phasing, while B85 has the lowest peak pressure and most retarded phasing. The longest ignition delay of B85 is mainly because butanol has the low vapour pressure leading to relatively poor evap-oration. Ignition delay and combustion duration decrease with increasing the equivalence ra-tio; (2) Compared to pure gasoline, all three