About 2,000 African Americans were elected to public offices during that time. In Smith v. Allwright (1944), the Democratic Party of Texas deemed a “voluntary association,” allowed only whites to participate in Democratic primary elections. S.S Allwright was a county election official who denied Lonnie Smith, a black man, the right to vote in the 1940 Texas Democratic primary. The conclusion is even though the Democratic Party was a voluntary organization, it still guaranteed the right for blacks the right to vote because of his race. A state cannot “permit a private organization to practice racial discrimination” in elections. The court’s decision was amended on June 12, …show more content…
Holder (2013) case regards in Shelby County, Alabama . Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote a dissent in which she argued that Congress' power to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments encompasses legislative action such as the Voting Rights Act. The legislative history and text of the Amendments as well as previous judicial precedent support Congress' authority to enact legislation that specifically targets potential state abuses. However, Congress does not have unlimited authority but must show that the means taken rationally advance a legitimate objective, as is the case with the Voting Rights Act. The evidence Congress gathered to determine whether to renew the Voting Rights Act sufficiently proved that there was still a current need to justify the burdens placed on the states in question. She also argued that, by holding Section 4 unconstitutional, the majority's opinion makes it impossible to effectively enforce Section