The yield was 2.7 mg (2.2 µmol; 6%) Pro6n3 mono (20). Pro7 Spacer (11) (38.7 mg, 0.041 mmol) and 18 (40.8 mg, 0.098 mmol) were dissolved in 886 µL DMF. Copper sulfate (1.84 mg, 0.007 mmol) and sodium-L- ascorbate (2.92 mg, 0.015 mmol) were dissolved in 98 µL H2O. The two solutions were combined in a microwave tube and put in the microwave for 30 minutes at 80oC. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure.…
As a result, lactose is a competitive inhibitor. In the presence of the inhibitor, the slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot becomes the equation below. Using equation 7 along with the Km and the Vmax from series A, the Ki of Series B and C were calculated. The concentration of inhibitor for 50mM lactose was found to be 35714 μM using equation 1. Similar to the substrate concentration, the inhibitor concentration can be found using the same equation, but substituting in the inhibitor molar concentration and volume in place of substrate information.…
Table 1, shows the exact chemicals used to prepare silica solution, zinc acetate solution and zinc nitrate solution. For the zinc acetate, adding 2-propanol to the hydrated zinc acetate will result in a white solution with some precipitations of zinc acetate in the bottom of the beaker, then by adding 2.1 grams of diethanolamine, ratio is 1:1, the solution will be transparent; due to the effect of diethanolamine which increases the pH of the solution, make it basic. Dissolving zinc nitrate in 2-propanol is much easier than zinc acetate, therefore adding another reagent like diethanolamine is not necessary. The result is a clear transparent solution without any precipitations.…
Gel electrophoresis is a method used for separation and analysis of molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, based on their sizes and polarity. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries most of our genetic information, and possesses a negative charge. During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments can migrate through the gel also known as agarose when placed in a powerful electrical field. The rate at which the DNA fragments will move through the gel depends on their relative size. Horizontal gel slabs are commonly used on conducting gel electrophoresis.…
A macromolecule is a molecule that contains any "large number" of atoms. There are four main different categories of macromolecules that make up our body: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (1) Carbohydrates are sugars that store and transport energy. (2) Lipids also store energy and also are signalling molecules. (3) Proteins are linear chains of amino acids that help with the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.…
As mentioned earlier, this experiement investigates “How effective are antimicrobial substances; natural compared to synthetic at preventing the bacterial growth of E.coli?” Despite the numerous trials conducted for accuracy, further experiment would need to be done in order to completely determine the effectiveness of both natural and synthetic antimicrobial substances. The hypothesis of this experiment stated that the synthetic antimicrobial substance used: Dettol was much more effective in resisting the growth of E.coli. This can be concluded from the results as the highest zone of protection measurement was: 20mm which is provided by Dettol. The lowest zone of protection was from the salt: 1mm.…
In this lab, we carried out a variety of reactions using different chemicals and metals. A chemical reaction is when the chemical state of the substance you are testing rearranges its ionic and molecular structure. One of the reactions we experienced was single replacement, this consists of one ion switching places with another ion to form a new compound. Another reaction we saw was double replacement. In this reaction, two compounds ions are switched to form two new compounds.…
Genipin is an ideal crosslinking agent in biomedical applications, which can undergo ring-opening polymerization in alkaline condition. The polygenipin can create short-range and long-range intermolecular crosslinking between protein chains. In this paper, the polygenipin with different degree of polymerization was successfully prepared and used to fix gelatin composite materials. The short-range and long-range crosslinking effects of polygenipin were systematically studied. The results show that the composite materials present porous structure with tunable pore sizes in the gel state, which can be easily controlled by adjusting the degree of polymerization of polygenipin.…
References: 1. Catalytic Reduction of p-Nitrophenol and Hexacyanoferrate (III) by Borohydride Using Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles, G. Bhagavanth Reddy. ; D. Ramakrishna,; A. Madhusudhan,; D. Ayodhya,; M. Venkatesham and G. Veerabhadram*.Journal of Chinese Chemical Society. 17, 2015; 420-428. 2. G.Bhagavanth Reddy,; A. Madhusudhan,; D. Ramakrishna,;D.Ayodhya,;M. Venkatesham.…
Aqueous solution of 0.25M APS was dissolved in 50 ml of freshly distilled water and kept for one hour at room temperature. Then the APS solution was added to the aniline solution in drop wise manner with slow rate (15 min) with simple discontinuous manual stirring. The solution was kept at for 24 h. The prepared polymer was collected and washed by 0.2M of HCl, Ethanol, and methanol then filtered by centrifugation for 15 min at 5000 r.p.m. The polymer was dried into an oven for 6 hrs at temperature of 60…
For synthesis of Poly [(PMA-PNIPAM)m-b-PEG-b-(PNIPAM- PMA)m] triblock triblock terpolymer, PEG-RAFT agent (0.45 g, 0.11 mmol), NIPAM (2.0 g, 17.7 mmol), methacrylic acid (1.5 g, 17.7 mmol) and AIBN (3.6 mg, 0.022 mmol) were dissolved in THF (4mL) in a 100 mL round bottom flask. After deoxygenation of the solution, the reaction flask temperature is raised to 70 °C and stirred for 24 h. After 24 h, the reaction flask was cooled to ambient temperature and was opened to air in order to stop the polymerization reaction. The reaction mixture was decanted into excess diethyl ether. The produce was purified twice by dissolution/ precipitation with dichloromethane/diethyl ether and then dried in a vacuum for 24 h. (2.34 g, 82%) (Scheme1…
Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The general theory behind this experiment was to study the synthesis of a drug from organic materials. During the experiment, esterification had occurred between reactants salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Then, phosphoric acid would catalyze the reaction and water would be added to decompose the remaining acetic anhydride. Through the process of filtration, aspirin crystals were collected and separate from the liquid acetic acid-water solution.…
Pharmaceutical Industries Poly lactic acid polymers are biocompatible, biodegradable and restorable materials used in medical application as sutures, orthopedic implants, controlled drug release etc. Polymers of Lactic acid, after adjusting the composition and the molecular wt., can control the degradation of biodegradable transparent thermoplastics. Other applications in this industry are formulation of ointments (oils), lotions, anti-acne (skin pimples) solutions and dialysis applications. Calcium-lactate can be used for calcium deficiency therapy and as anti carries agents [26]. 1.10.4.…
GO platelets were gathered after drying the suspension. TRGO were synthesized by the hydrothermal reduction process. Briefly, a solution of GO was prepared in deionized (DI) water at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Then, a certain amount of 1.5 M AA solution was added in the as-prepared GO solution to prepare the final mixture with a concentration of 0.4 M. Finally, the solution was sealed in an autoclave and heated up at 180 °C for 1.5 h. After cooling the autoclave to room temperature, the as-developed TRGO solution was added in 1 M aqueous sulfuric acid solution and left overnight. Afterwards, the solution mixture was filtered, cleaned several times with DI water, and dried for several hours at 95 °C in a vacuum…
Recently, NP has been concerned large attention in the basic research and their application in different fields, where they can be used as electrochemical sensors [7], catalyst [8] , lubricating oils[9], degradation of pollutants[10], drug delivery[11-13] and diagnostics devices[14, 15]. For pharmaceutical use, NPs can be of polymeric nature or be made of lipophilic components plus surfactants, i.e., liposomes, niosomes, and solid lipid NPs. Other materials investigated for NPs preparation are albumin [16], gelatin[17] ,or calcium alginate[18]. There are also several methods available to size-reduce drug substances into the nanometer range, with the produced NPs being stabilized by surfactants[19, 20].…