Patient Afib is a 58 year old, Caucasian, married male. The patient has been healthy most of his life with no significant health issues until the beginning of this year. One night, in April of 2016, patient Afib began to experience chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting prompting him to visit the emergency room. Subsequent tests revealed that patient Afib had symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Physicians in the ER stated that patient Afib probably had had atrial fibrillation for a while, but it had been exacerbated for an unknown reason.…
(Wynn et al., 2016). The mechanism of action of propranolol acts as a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker. This blocks the response to beta and beta2 –adrenergic stimulation which can decrease heart rate. This can also decrease blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand. Nonselective beta-blockers reduce portal pressure by splanchnic vasoconstriction.…
Milnirone Milrinone, a bipyridine derivative, is a phosphodiesterase III (PDE) inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of cAMP and cGMP. Clinically, milrinone has replaced amrinone, the prototype PDE inhibitor owing to its greater intropic potency, enhanced PDE III selectivity, shorter half life and favorable adverse effect profile. Mechanism of action: Milrinone's selective inhibition of PDE III leads to elevated levels of cAMP with cardiac and smooth muscle cells. Consequently, positive inotropism and arterial and venous vasodilation are observed contributing to its therapeutic action in CHF patients.…
Butorphanol is extremely harmful when used incorrectly. Warnings exist for abuse, addiction and misuse. The use of butorphanol injection exposes patients and users to the risks of opioid addiction or abuse. Your doctor will do a full evaluation and monitor the effects and your behavior to prevent misuse, causing unsafe or toxic after-effects.…
Spironolactone is related with a well-established exposure of sexual side effects that are dose and duration dependent.16 whereas eplerenone has very low occurrence of sexual side effects. 13,18,21 Sexual side effects of drugs are of specific distress because patients are usually unwilling to bear these effects, and sexual dysfunction is an important reason for unconventionality among hypertensive patients.19,20 Both eplerenone and spironolactone are linked with dose related rise in serum potassium levels.16,18 Patients with primary renal dysfunction or heart failure are at greatest risk of hyperkalemia.22 Both spironolactone and eplerenone are active in decreasing blood pressure (BP) when used as monotherapy15,16 and in combination regimens,…
6. When looking at this specific diagnosis, medication may not always be the best option. There are two main type of medication including psycho-stimulant and nonstimulant which both have different effects. For example, psycho-stimulant medications, “help important networks of nerve cells in the brain to communicate more effectively with each other.” ().…
Etomidate, which is an imidazole derivative and an ester, is the most commonly used anesthetic induction agent and characterized by rapid onset, with minimal side effects on cardiovascular and respiratory functions, as well as minimum histamine release. These properties make it especially useful for cardiac-compromised patients. [7] However, it can suppress adrenal function through blockade of 11β-hydroxylase. This suppression persists for at least 24 hours, and some authors suggest that it may last up to 72 hours. This could harm patients with critical illness such as severe sepsis or septic shock.…
The body uses 3 different hormones to regulate the loss of fluid; antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide. Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone slow down fluid loss from urine. The antidiuretic hormone will do this by allowing water in the urine to be taken back into the body in a specific area of the kidney. This allows more water to return to the bloodstream which in tur means urine concentration will rise and water loss will be reduced. Aldosterone’s main role in the body is to regulate blood pressure in the body by acting on the kidneys and colon to increase the amount of sodium reabsorbed into the bloodstream and the amount of potassium removed in the urine.…
Beneficial effects of the beta adrenergic antagonists in the treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is not uncommon for the patients to present with two or more disease states at the same time. Thus, the management of such concomitant disease states may be pharmacologically challenging as it is, for example, in the treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypertension (HTN) with a compelling indication of the post-myocardial infarction (post-MI). COPD is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by the inadequate airflow which makes the breathing more difficult. COPD patients are commonly treated with the bronchodilators such as the beta-2 adrenergic agonists.1…
Mr. Barry Moody, a 48-year-old man, sits at the breakroom at work, his head in his hands. The voices in his head constantly plague him. He looks up to see where they are coming from. Beads of sweat cover his brow. He has definitely not been feeling like himself lately-it’s time to see the doctor.…
The hypotheses given were greatly supported during the experiment. Three of the four drugs; Lignocain, Hexamethonium, and Atropine, all showed a decline of inhibition of peristalsis. Nicardipine showed to have complete inhibition of peristalsis. It showed to have a 0 au drug amplitude. There were two standard pressures for this experiment.…
Hypotension is the most significant risk associated with the use of anti-hypertensive medica-tions. ACE inhibitors for example, and with combination of other anti-hypertensive drugs may result in reduction in preload and afterload. These drugs increase vasodilatory effects causing reduction in blood pressure. Risk factors include diabetes, more than 70 years of age and co-administration with other agents that affect the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers (O’Donovan, 2014). Beta blocking agents is another example of anti-hypertensive drugs.…
The adrenals are these two little caps, located on top of the kidneys in the diagram. They are an amazing organ, secreting hormones that can allow you to defend yourself from a lion and in some cases lift a car off of a loved one. In these situations the adrenals are lifesaving, secreting adrenaline that gives you superhuman strength and speed.…
Chemical,decreasing blood pressure ,which are released tissue cells with an active methabolism are K+,lactic acid(lactate),adenosine. Endothelial cells release nitric oxide In the modern medicine pharmacology,there are five main types of medicine,regulating the chormones activity,therefore regulating blood pressure:Angiotensin-coverting enzyme inhibitors(ACE inhibitors ,calcium-channel blockers,angiotensin receptor blockers ,diuretics and beta-blockers Angiotensin-coverting enzyme inhibitors(ACE inhibitors) ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-covering enzyme which leads to unwinding of blood vessels and dercreasing the quantity of re-absorped water in the kidneys Calcium-channel blockers Calcium-channel blockers lower the volume of calcium , going to the smooth muscle cells. Muscle cells relax and blood pressure…
They block the effect of adrenaline that is a vasoconstrictor. Adrenaline constricts the blood vessels causing increased blood pressure. High blood levels overwork the heart leading to an increased size of heart muscles in turn failing the heart. Beta-blockers lower the heart rate which decreases heart 's oxygen demand. Beta blockers also decrease rennin production reducing oxygen demand of the heart.…