Water vapor

into an ester by combining with an alcohol and removing a water molecule. Esters are found in numerous natural products, including fruits, flowers, and spices. Carboxyllic esters contribute to the flavor of products; therefore, esters are often found in artificial flavorings. This experiment uses glacial acetic acid in excess because it is relatively inexpensive and it is easy to remove from the reaction mixture because it contains no water,…

IONIC LIQUIDS Introduction:- Ionic liquids are actually salts that are liquid in state, normally referred to compounds that have melting point below an arbitrary temperature i.e. 100° C. Unlike some other ordinary liquids like water and gasoline, that are composed of neutral species while ionic liquids are composed of ionic species and ionic intermediates commonly known as “ionic fluids” and “liquid electrolytes”. In ionic liquids there is a species that has a delocalized species and the other…

caused by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. The carbon dioxide accumulates quickly, entering the ocean and increasing ocean acidity, so fast that the organisms cannot adapt quickly enough. It is most problematic in cold water regions and places where deep water wells up to the surface, as not only would co2 rates rise faster, it is also the location for many fisheries. Coral reefs are also at risk, as they are already sensitive and the high acidity makes it difficult for coral to…

of alkenes through the formation of exo-norborneol from the reaction of Norborene with acid and the excess of water. Acid-catalyzed hydration is useful in removing double and triple bonds; an unsaturated compound becomes reduced to a saturated compound in the presence of the acid catalyst, or water for this experiment. Hydration of alkenes is the result of acid-catalyzed addition of water to a carbon-carbon double bond. This leads to the formation of an alcohol. An equilibrium of hydration is…

Bible water is mentioned. Genesis 1:2 describes “the earth… formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.” Before anything else, water was the only thing existing on earth, validating its importance to the earth and mankind. Water is so important that it is referenced over 722 times in the Bible. All living creature’s depend on water to survive, since their mass is made up of 70-90% water. The continuous movement of water…

the most basic exploited preservation strategies. Water activity is defined as the ratio of water vapor pressure of the food substrate to the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature. The water activity can be manipulated in foods by a number of means, including addition of solutes such as salt or sugar, physical removal of water through drying or baking, or binding of water to various macromolecular components in the food. The water activity for optimum growth level of most…

room temperature so to increase the reaction rate it was heated under reflux. During reflux the solvent is heated to a boil and to ensure the vapors were not lost they were cooled in a condenser, which had cold water running through it. These cooled vapors condensed and returned to the boiling…

Raindrops break the speed limit Did you know that raindrops have speed limits of their own? Raindrops that are larger than 0.5 millimeters when going across fall with a terminal velocity of several meters per second, while smaller drops fall slower with a terminal velocity of less than one meter per second. Terminal Velocity is when friction cancels the downward pull of gravity. This means that the raindrops speed up and keep falling at a steady pace. Michael Larsen, an atmospheric…

leaves of Aloe vera with a length of (55 - 80) cm were selected from the plants and washed with water. The tapering point of the leaf top and the short sharp spines located along the leaf margins were removed by a sharp knife and then the knife was introduced into the mucilage layer below the green rind avoiding the vascular bundles. The top and…

It is insoluble in water and soluble in chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons. It exhibits good barrier properties against oxygen and compared to other biopolymers. It possesses better physical properties than polypropylene for food packaging applications. (Chaijamrus & Udpuay, 2008) As a homopolymer, PHB is highly crystalline (50%-70%). It is an important characteristic of a polymer in order to regulate the mechanical properties of the material. The value of water vapor transmission…