Water of crystallization

experiment was about using a method of recrystallization to reform benzoic acid and unknown compound, and identifying that compound. The main principle is the polarity and solubility of compound. The compound was dissolved completely with distilled water in hot temperature and reformed back in cold environment. After the experiment, there were up to more than 50% of the compound being recrystallized and the unknown compound had the melting point at 165.2oC. The experiment showed the connection…

included in Step (2) include n-butanol, DI water, and n-pentane. The intermolecular forces within n-butanol include dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole forces. DI water includes the intermolecular forces of hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole forces. N-pentane includes the intermolecular forces of dispersion forces. An additional structural feature observed is the hydrogen bonding between the compounds with oxygen and hydrogen atoms, such as water and n-butanol. The hydrogen…

It is insoluble in water and soluble in chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons. It exhibits good barrier properties against oxygen and compared to other biopolymers. It possesses better physical properties than polypropylene for food packaging applications. (Chaijamrus & Udpuay, 2008) As a homopolymer, PHB is highly crystalline (50%-70%). It is an important characteristic of a polymer in order to regulate the mechanical properties of the material. The value of water vapor transmission…

1.3. AMORPHOUS STATE The amorphous state of solids is composed of molecules that have a disordered arrangement, which do not constitute to the characteristic of the crystal grid and, therefore, have zero crystallinity. The distribution of molecules in the solid amorphous form is not entirely random as it is specific to a gaseous state because it has a certain degree of order between neighboring molecules. Due to the lack of regulation and the absence of a crystal grid, compared to the crystal…

Candy is made in variety ways and they are made in scientific method such as by boiling, cooling down and crystallizing. To make candies you always start with dissolving sugar in the boiling water so that sugar will change to sugar syrup. To begin with, the article mentions that if you want to make rock candy, you need to let the syrup cool down for long time so that it will change into big sugar crystals. However, if you want to produce fudge, you need to continuously stir the syrup after…

The objective for this lab is to construct a solubility curve for potassium nitrate in water by measuring saturation temperatures for six different solution concentrations. We form a group of four and were assigned to work on series one while the other group work on series two. Throughout the lab, we set a hot bath water temperature at 85 degree celsius which affected how potassium nitrate dissolves in water and changed the saturation temperature. In addition, our group discovered that the mass…

X=4, hence the molecule has four molecules of water of crystallization in its structure. It exists as a salt but in its anhydrous state, it is known to be a volatile substance. It is a colorless substance as are all the compounds in the family of cadmium nitrates. Cadmium nitrate is a colorless, crystalline, inorganic compound that forms the toxic fumes produced when cadmium oxides are heated. It is an odorless white solid that is more dense than water. Cadmium nitrate is prepared by first…

The objective of this lab was to brominate a hydrocarbon by converting 2,3-dimethyl butane to 2,3-dibromo-2,3-dimethyl-butane through crystallization. In order to verify the purity and the identity of the product two tests were done, one was using melting point and the other was NMR. The melting point range found in this test was between 138°C-175°C, whereas the ideal melting point for the product was 168°C. Based off of the melting point range, it can be assumed that the product had formed…

was added to a test tube and mixed until dissolved. 2ml hexane was then added to the test tube, followed by 0.4ml cyclopentadiene. The test tube reacted for 5 minutes in a test tube rack and then 2 minutes in an ice-bath to allow for complete crystallization. The crystals were then put through the filtering apparatus to collect and dry all the crystals. About 3ml was used to rinse the crystals while in the apparatus. The crystals were then dried and the yield and melting point were taken.…

the mono and diglyceride emulsifiers commonly used in ice cream, compete with milk proteins at both the fat/water interface…