Vestibular system

of the labeled terminals. VGLUT1 is associated with terminals of auditory nerve fibers, whereas VGLUT2 is associated with glutamatergic terminals deriving from other sources that project to the cochlear nucleus (CN), including somatosensory and vestibular terminals. Previous studies in guinea pig and rat have shown that cochlear damage results in a decrease of VGLUT1-labeled puncta and an increase in VGLUT2-labeled puncta. This indicates cross-modal compensation that is of potential importance…

hearing (audition), vision, and touch. (somatosensation). Our senses help us navigate in the world and provide data for perception. Sensation is how the body brings information from the outside world into the brain. The vision system is the sense that allows…

Fundamentals of a Roof Warranty Learn the basics of roof warranties and what homeowners should know before they buy. Roofing contractors and roofing material manufacturers both offer a variety of warranties designed to protect their customers from incurring excessive costs in the event of roof damage. However, it is essential for homeowners to understand a few basics about warranties, including what they are and are not, why reading the fine print is important, and how a warranty can benefit…

was a concise summary of the VNG test battery in the context of anatomy and physiology of the balance system. The four anatomical sites that contribute to the human sense of balance include the visual system, balance system, proprioceptors, and the brain. The visual system contains oculomotor neurons and eye muscles while the balance system contains semicircular canals, otolith organs, vestibular nerves and nuclei. The proprioceptors include the spinal cord, muscles, and joints in the body while…

problems interacting effectively in the everyday environment.” The senses that may be affected by SPD are the tactile sense, the vestibular sense, the proprioceptive sense, the visual sense, and the auditory sense. The book gives many examples of what SPD…

20 people out of every 100,000 people worldwide have Myasthenia Gravis (Myasthenia Gravis, 2012). Myasthenia Gravis is a disorder that causes skeletal muscle weakness. People experience the worst weakness during periods of activity and the weakness improves under periods of rest. The most common weakness is located in the muscles around the eyes. This causes blurred or double vision in the eyes. It also effects the muscles used in facial expression and chewing. These conditions can cause…

When the stapes moves, it pushes the oval window, which then moves the cochlea. The cochlea takes the fluid vibration of sounds from the surrounding semi-circular ducts and translates them into signals that are sent to the brain by nerves like the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve. In order to hear something which is very loud or any whispering, sound…

neurons, they do not leave the central nervous system. The pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts consist of UMNs. Since UMN do not leave the neuraxis they have to synapse with LMN to carry messages to the muscles. LMN is spinal and cranial nerves. The cell bodies of LMN are located in the brainstem but their axons are able to leave the CNS and synapse with the muscles of the body. During speech, muscles receive impute from both pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.…

Hydrocephalus Having a big head is usually taken in a humorous and figurative manner, but when it comes to hydrocephalus it is taken very literally and seriously. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, enlarging the head and causing brain damage (MedicineNet, 2016). Hydrocephalus can be a result of the ventricles producing too much cerebrospinal fluid. There can also be an obstruction which reduces the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, as well as…

In 1929, English mathematician and philosopher, Alfred North Whitehead, said: “I lay it down as an educational axiom that in teaching you will come to grief as soon as you forget that your pupils have bodies.” Pressured by the implementation of Common Core and No Child Left Behind, many schools are increasing the amount of in-seat test preparation time. There are just not enough hours in the day to get all of the information presented and absorbed into their students’ precious little minds.…