Vessel element

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and extracellular matrix (ECM): Blood vessels, include arteries that transport blood from the heart to the systemic circulation, and veins that transport blood back again into the heart. A remarkable change in blood vessel structure and function happened, with the emergence of a high-pressure, pulsatile circulatory system in vertebrates. Blood vessels then evolved from simple tubes for channeling blood or other body fluids from a low-pressure heart. According…

Body systems and the bond types of Vitamins and Minerals go hand in hand. The Digestive System breaks down food into vitamins and minerals to be transported to other body systems. The Integumentary System is made up of skin, which uses copper to create Melanin to help protect against the sun. The Integumentary System also uses Vitamins A and C, as well as Niacin and Zinc for healthy growth and repair of skin. The Respiratory System consists of mouth, nose and lungs to inhale oxygen and exhale…

The spleen can be found in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, lying posteriorly to the stomach and underneath the diaphragm. The spleen can be found enclosed in a capsule of dense irregular connective tissue (Krause, 2008). Prone to infections and other conditions, the spleen can easily become enlarged because it is highly vascularized. Malignancies, parasites, liver diseases and other conditions passed in the blood and immune system can cause the spleen to be infected. In addition to the…

Biological Hierarchy; and Organising the Natural World 1. Define what is meant by the “biological hierarchy”. Biological hierarchy is the structured organisation of all biological entities. It can be shown in pyramid form with the most simple element at the base being atoms and at the pinnacle is the ecosphere, the most complex. 2. What is an “emergent property?” An emergent property is when a new property develops on the next step in the biological hierarchy as the levels become more…

When varicose veins are very close to the surface of the sin, they may spontaneously rupture and bleed. A minor injury to the skin can also make them bleed, usually in the veins near the ankle. These may not cause any weakness or pain. When pressure builds up in varicose veins near the ankle or foot, the pressure may be as strong as arterial blood pressure. This is because of gravity along with the pressure of blood that pools in the veins. The vein may rupture and bleed into the surrounding…

should target cerebral blood vessels and induction of angiogenesis will stimulate recovery processes including neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neuronal and synaptic…

physiologic process important to mechanisms like wound healing, menstruation, tissue growth and embryonic development (Griffioen & Molema, 2000). Endothelial cells which line the blood vessels are in direct contact with blood. Below the layer of endothelial cells, the pericytes (structural support cells) surround the blood vessels along with fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, extracellular membrane and basement membrane (Griffioen & Molema, 2000). Endothelial cells play a role in many regulatory…

Heart failure results in low cardiac output and inadequate filling of the arteries which causes the heart to be unable to pump enough blood to meet with tissue demand of oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, the neurohormonal system activates several feedback mechanisms. The baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that normally inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity are blunted in the patient who is experiencing heart failure. This results in high levels of circulating…

There are two main types of gas exchanges in the respiratory system. Alveolar gas exchange or external respiration and the systemic gas exchange which is also considered to be internal respiration. The Alveolar Gas exchange is the inhalation of Oxygen and the exhalation of Carbon Dioxide into the pulmonary artery. The pressure gradients affect how oxygen can diffuse down across the respiratory membrane from the alveolar air into the blood, or carbon dioxide diffusing from the capillary into…

also nutrients to the body's tissues and organs. This system consists of the heart, blood, and also blood vessels. The heart is a muscular structure that helps push the blood to flow throughout the body. It is composed of three layers the pericardium (around or outside of the heart), the myocardium (middle layer of the heart), and the endocardium (the inside of the heart). The blood vessels consist of arteries, capillaries, and veins. They help to transport blood throughout the body and also…