Uric acid

This is a 70 year old female who denies PMHx of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and STI’s presenting with pain and edema in the posterior left elbow for 2 weeks. Physical exam revealed a mildly tender, fluctuant mass on the posterior elbow. There were no signs of septic bursitis such as fever, erythema, warmth or purulent drainage. The patient had normal sensation to light touch, normal muscle tone, full range of motion and 5/5 strength in the elbows bilaterally. Physical exam of…

Ting, a twelve-year-old Chinese immigrant female, is medically diagnosed with Proteus syndrome. She has soft tissue masses in her chest and neck, a malformed mastoid bone, a brain tumor, a nonmalignant abdominal tumor, a neurogenic bladder, and musculoskeletal deformities. Additionally, her face, head, and digits are asymmetrical, her legs are of unequal length, and she has a gastrostomy feeding tube. At age 2 years she developed a brain infection, resulting in developmental delays and seizures.…

When patient presents with gout attacks most often patients present with complaints of severe pain, erythema and swelling of the particular joint. As a result, during the clinical evaluation phase it is important to consider a broad differential diagnosis because many disorders can present with similar clinical features. Pseudo gout, septic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, cellulitis, acute fracture should be considered as differential diagnosis for patients with above mentioned…

concentration of xanthine in human plasma ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 μM (40−160 μM in urine) [2]. As the metabolic precursor of uric acid, xanthine is the first indicator of an abnormal purine profile and can serve as a marker of many diseases including hyperuricemia[3], gout[4], xanthinuria[5], perinatal asphyxia[6], cerebral ischemia[7], tumor hyperthermia[8] and pre-eclampsia[9]. Uric acid is typically present at serum concentrations of ∼200−400 μM and is by far the dominant purine of this class…

In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotubes@poly(p-phenylenediamine)-prussian blue (MWCNTs@PpPD-PB) nanocomposites were synthesized and used for the nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The PpPD layer also helps the MWCNTs to be dispersed in the water together with the PB formation and fixing on the surface of the MWCNTs. Moreover, PpPD, a conductive polymer, increases the electronic conductivity and stability of MWCNTs. By combining the selectivity and catalytic…

nanomechanical retention which is due to polymerisation of hydrophilic monomers around acid exposed collagen fibres.1 The entanglement of these monomers within the exposed collagen fibres gives rise to the so called Hybrid layer , which is also referred as Resin infiltrated Dentin layer.2 The presence of hybrid layer is important for attainment of a leakage free interface between the cavity walls and resin composite.2 After acid etching, the demineralized collagen matrix is present in a…

Ethanol, PMS, l-ascorbic acid 1. The superoxide radicals is generated in 3 ml of TrisHCl buffer (16 mM, pH 8.0) containing 1 ml of NBT (50 μM), 1 ml NADH (78 μM) and ethanol extract of sample (25 – 50 μg). 2. The reaction was started by adding 1 ml of PMS solution (10 μM) to the mixture. 3. The reaction mixture was incubated at 25° C for 5 min, the absorbance was read at 560 nm using a spectrophotometer (Schimadzu UV-Vis 1700) against blank samples using l- ascorbic acid as a control. 4.…

oxygen3. Serratia Marcescens is a gram negative bacterium. Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell of a single layer of peptidoglycan that is enclosed by an outer membrane. The outer membrane is surrounded by special phospholipids composed of fatty acids called lipopolysaccharides that are attached to a glucosamine…

is a neutralization reaction. A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form an ionic compound (a salt) and water; the resulting pH is closer to 7. The general chemical equation for a neutralization reaction is: Acid + Base Water + Ionic Compound This can also be considered as a double displacement reaction. However, since the reacts are an acid (carbonic acid) and a base (sodium hydroxide) and the products are a salt (sodium carbonate) and water…

go to 7 or 7.8, it can be deadly. The blood buffer contains carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate acid and hydrogen ions. This equation can also be reversed; it is a chemical equilibrium. If the hydrogen ions rise, bicarbonate accepts the hydrogen ions and the equilibrium shifts left thus making the blood acidic. When the blood becomes acidic, acidosis…