Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

A deficiency in the female hormone, estrogen, will decrease bone restoration which could eventually lead to greater possibility of osteoporosis. This female hormone has an effect on bone cells and can impact the body through the endocrine system. It has been known that in order to develop rheumatoid arthritis it was most likely obtained through genetic factors rather than the environment or lifestyle. Each individual gene can contribute to the overall development of this disease. One gene that is a factor for rheumatoid arthritis development is the HLA-DRB1 gene. When this gene is paired with other variations of the gene then the likelihood of developing RA are…

Necrosis occurs as a result of external injury due to cellular injury, bacterial toxin or trauma to a particular area of the body. Necrosis differs from apoptosis in a couple of ways. First, the morphological changes that a cell undergoes are different in necrosis compared to apoptosis. Secondly, apoptosis is highly regulated, however, necrosis is unregulated. The morphological changes that a cell undergoes during necrosis are the swelling of the cytoplasm, irreversible damage to the plasma…

In a 1997 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, a randomized double-blind trial with 180 participants suffering from rheumatoid arthritis did not reveal anything unsafe about recombinant TNF (Moreland, 1997). Three studies conducted in 2001 showed a remarkable safety profile for a different variation of recombinant human necrosis factor (binding protein-1). Intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections were given to healthy volunteers. The safety profile was based on…

century ago, the humankind had no idea about tumor necrosis factor (TNF); however, physician William B Cooley was able to demonstrate the principle of anti-tumoral response in vivo as early as in 1891 (1,2). He escalated the idea of anti-tumoral response based on his observation of remission of lesions in patients injected with a mixture of dead Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria (1, 2). Due to the lack of understanding of mechanism behind this observation, it was not…

Discussion Question #6 Article Summary My research paper is about a cytokine --- Tumor necrosis factor alpha, which is involved in systemic inflammation and is found in high concentration in patients diagnosed with autoimmune disorders. The article chosen describes the effects caused by a change in the level of cytokine Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). The cytokine TNF-a is a proinflammatory, recognized to encourage HIV-1 reproduction and is involved in the development of HIV-1 related…

Purpose:Bortezomib has been used in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. This study is to examine whether sub-lethal doses of bortezomib (Borsub) attenuate angiogenesis in a choroidal neovascularization murine model. Methods:Laser photocoagulation was used to create choroidal neovascularization in mice. The volume of angiogenesis was assessed with isolectin GS-IB4 labeling in choroidal flat-mount. The content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the supernatants of…

vascular inflammation may also contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension. Interleukin 17 has garnered interest for its role in increasing the production of several other immune system chemical signals thought to be involved in hypertension such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8.  At very high blood pressures (systolic 210 and/or diastolic 120 mm Hg), a subset of patients develops fulminant arteriopathy…

The primary inflammatory cytokines: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine which is produced by macrophages, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, keratinocytes and tumor cells [13]. It is produced during early inflammatory response. It mediates the production of other cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [14]. It also increases vascular permeability, which leads to migration of activated immune cells to the site of infection [15,16]. TNF…

Back in the 1920’s radium was even sold to the public and was in mass production for people believed that radium was the path to “eternal life”. You could buy radium water, radium face cream, radium toothpaste, and even Radium Brand Creamery Butter. These products of radium gave people a healthful glow (Moore). Radium is used in x-rays also known as “X-radium” to help detect illnesses. It evens allows for cancerous tumors to be seen within an x-ray (Sabel). Not only can radium help in detecting…

Adiponectin is a cytokine exclusively produced and secreted by adipocytes. In mice, adiponectin decreases hepatic lipogenesis and increases FFA oxidation. In humans, several studies have shown an inverse correlation between adiponectin levels in the blood and hepatic insulin sensitivity as well as fat content in the liver. Adiponectin is a cytokine which acts as an anti-steatotic factor in both muscle and hepatocytes, probably by activating Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma…