Sporophyte

The ferns that we used in the experiment are called Ceratopteris richardii (C-ferns). These ferns were used because of their exclusive properties in development and in the plant life cycle. In these plants, the haploid and diploid stages exist independently, making it easier to study them without influencing the cell life cycle. The haploid stage is the gametophyte stage and the diploid is the sporophyte stage. The second exclusive property that these plants possess is the fact that the spores develop into gametophytes and then into young sporophytes in 2-3 weeks, which making it very less time consuming. Plants require many nutrients that are necessary for their growth and development and one such nutrient is Nitrogen. Nitrogen is important because it’s a chief component of chlorophyll and plants use chlorophyll for photosynthesis and this…

end of the filament stalk, the anther, contains the pollen grains. Those pollen grains can be dispersed either by a bump of a insect or even by hitchhiking on a simple breeze. Whereas spore-producing plant have to rely solely on a gust of wind. Angiosperms also possess multiple protective and defensive structures that bryophytes lack. Flower petals, sepals, and in some flowering plants, thorns work protect the precious ovary from potential ingestion by an animal. Bryophytes do not have any…

exceed 4m in sheltered places (Mars and Watt, 2006). Young bracken plants can normally produce spores by the end of the third or fourth growing season (about 3oo million spores annually). Under favourable ecological conditions (temperature: 15-30 degree Celsius, pH 5.5-7.5) the new young plants can be seen 6-7 weeks after the spores have been shed (Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 57, 2009). LIFE CYCLE The more familiar form of bracken, the sporophyte generation, spreads vegetatively by the…

from single cells. In seed plants, (vascular plants) these zygotes develop into embryos which become encapsulated in seeds for dispersal. Mosses produce spores not seeds. (6) P. patens show an alteration of two generations: one, the gametophyte, is haploid and produces sex organs and gametes— sperm and egg cells generated by mitosis.(1) As in animals, sperm fertilize egg cells to produce diploid zygotes which subsequently grow into embryos. These embryos produce the diploid sporophyte…

bisexual gametophytes (Hurney et al. 2016). Bisexual gametophytes are capable of self-fertilization since they produce both sperm and egg to allow spores to develop as either male or hermaphrodite gametophytes (Freeman et al. 2014). Heterosporous differ in that they produce two different spores, male and female, but can not self fertilize. C. richardii exhibits alternation of generations between the sporophyte and the gametophyte stages (Fig. 1). Alterations of generations involves the…

stigma, it will create a pollen tube through the style that dispenses two sperm cells by penetrating the microphyle in the ovary. The ovary contains megasporangium, where division of the megasporocyte by meiosis produces four megaspores (Reece 2014). Through this process only one megaspore survives and becomes the female gametophyte. When the pollen tube penetrates the microphyle double fertilization occurs, one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a haploid zygote and the second sperm will fuse…

n the Carboniferous Period, specifically in the Pennsylvanian subsystem, between 323 and 299 million years ago, a substantial change occurred around the planet: the climate increased strongly so that oceans growed up more than two hundred meters above the level existed immediately before this period. The increase of the level of water allowed the developing and diversification of the first vascular plants, i.e., plants that alternate generations between the sexual gamete production (gametophyte)…

sporangia, which are found on the underside of the leaves of a mature fern plant in groups or clusters known as sori (Cordle et. al. 2007). Once the spores are produced they will disperse and will eventually undergo mitosis under favorable conditions in order to produce small gametophytes which will eventually mature and produce eggs and sperm in female and male gametangia, respectively. When conditions are ideal, meaning water is present, the sperm will be released and swim to the eggs within…

Flowers, produce by the sporophyte, function in sexual reproduction The four floral organs are sepals, petals, stamens, and carpel. Sepals protect the floral bud. Petals help attract pollinators. Stamens bear anthers in which haploid microspores develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes. Carpel contains ovules (immature seeds) in their swollen bases. Within the ovules, embryos sacs (female’s gametophytes) develop from megaspore. Pollination which precedes fertilization is the…

Polyploidy refers to the individual with presence of more than two sets of chromosomes (3n, 4n, 5n, etc.) (Soltis et al., 2009) as sporophyte. Polyploids may have arisen as the result of nondisjunction during meiosis or may be generated when chromosomes are dividing properly in mitosis and meiosis, but the cytokinesis does not follow. Polyploidy can be classified into two: polysomic polyploidy (autopolyploidy) and disomic polyploidy (allopolyploidy) (Stebbins, 1951). Autopolyploidy comes from…