Solid mechanics

77 E/GPa compared with all the other materials used. Steel is a metal, so it is made up of metallic bonds, which means that the element largely consists of positive ions (positive charge) and delocalized electrons (free electrons of negative charge), the repulsion is balanced within the atom, a main reason to why metals are non-reactive to other elements. However one disadvantage of the using steel is because it consists of iron atoms. Iron is reactive to both water and oxygen, and when these elements react together it forms –iron oxide (rust). Rust can reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of the material. So you should be very careful whilst handling steel in construction. Moreover, metallic bonds have a simple crystal lattice in solid state and are the weakest primary chemical bonds. Hence the reason to why pure metals are dissolved with other elements such as: carbon for mild steels. Metal alloys have increased strength and hardness. The structure of alloys reduces the space between each ion, so there is less space for delocalized electrons and it improves the chemical bond with each element within the…

Fig. 5 shows the monotonic and cyclic stress-strain responses of selected specimens having all influential parameters considered in this study, such as the volumetric ratio of transverse steel reinforcement, number of CFRP layers, and aspect ratio. In this figure, the axial stress was calculated by dividing the axial load to the column cross-sectional area, and the corresponding axial strain was derived from the average readings of the four LVDTs divided by the central gauge length of each…

CHAPTER- 5 ANALYSIS OF STEEL LEAF SPRING ________________________________________________________________ The aim of this analysis is to study the multi-leaf steel leaf spring under loading conditions and verify those results within the allowable limits. ANSYS software is used to analyze the stresses and strains by performing static analysis for the given leaf spring specifications and modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes to asses the behavior of the…

dimensions are 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm and V- notch made at angle of 45° with a depth of 2 mm then the experiment was done and values were tabulated. 3.3 SHORE DUROMETER HARDNESS STRENGTH Hardness was defined as materials resisting property to prevent permanent indentation. Durometer is a measure of hardness in polymers, fibre and rubbers where it measures the indentation depth in the material. According to ASTM D2240 tests were conducted on specimen using Durometer in the room temperature [5].…

The overall objective of this lab was to verify Bernoulli-Euler beam theory for the lip-loaded cantilever and use that to calculate the Poisson ratio for the material in this case 6061-T6 aluminum. This was done by having to different objectives for each part of the Lab. Part one was use electrical resistance strain gage, this was to measure the strain a cantilever beam as it undergoes a known deflection. We would then compare the measurements with that of the strains predicted by simple beam…

INTRODUCTION It has been widely accepted that resistance training can be of great value for optimizing health and longevity. Resistance training is designed to improve muscular fitness by exercising a muscle group against an external resistance. Although resistance training is often associated with strength and power sports, this type of training is important in building up specific strengths in all sport categories. With the appropriate training methods, resistance training can enhance an…

reliable model to analyze dependency of FLDs on grain size, spatial distribution of grains, texture evolution, number of grains, second phase particles (Inal et al., 2002; Inal et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2004; Hu et al., 2008). Although the CP-FEM is a very popular and widely used approach to deal with crystal plasticity (CP) polycrystal modeling, yet it is limited by the large number of degrees of freedom required by CP-FEM computations as well as by the problem of element distortion due to…

The aim of the Stress Concentration Experiment was to observe the stress concentration factor/feature for a set of mild steel specimens with various irregularities in each sample. These irregularities or “stress-raisers” include any notches and holes which vary in size (radius) and placement on the specimen (edge notches or holes) that may have an effect on the flow of stress. With the use of a Hounsfield 50 kN electrically operated tensile testing machine and 12 1-mm thick mild steel test…

Lab 1: Fluctuating Stresses Jinyuan Zhang Due Date: Wednesday, October 14, 2015 Lab Section: 5 Objectives: There are three objectives for this lab. The first objective is applying stresses calculation on a bicycle crank shaft with real-world load. Second objective is visualization of stresses’ fluctuate in process of fatigue failure analysis. The last objective is using the stresses model to find the force is applied on the crank shaft. Sample Calculation: For collecting the…

Small cracks, cavities, and notches in perfect material can dramatically reduce the tensile strength by producing stress concentration around them [ref]. We believe that in mammalian connective bone tissues, canaliculi, osteocyte lacunae, blood vessels and muscle insertions produce stress concentration to delay the progressive spread of minute cracks. Often times the cracks that are running against lacunae, for examples, stop on entering the lacunae, Hessian canals and blood vessels [ref]. We…