Short-time Fourier transform

As discussed in the earlier section, wavelet transform of the signals is recommended due to the limitations offered by STFT. AWT (Analytic Wavelet Transform) provides suitable and adaptive time-scale and time-frequency domains. Zhu [15] found better results using AWT over STFT while analyzing the noise causing human hearing loss. AWT is a type of the Continuous Wavelet Transform that calculates the product of signals and complex Morlet wavelet due to which the resulting coefficients are complex numbers and analytic in nature therefore makes it a complex continuous wavelet transform [16]. The mother wavelet in AWT is given in Eq. 5. (5) Where j is a complex number, is a real function and is the frequency parameter. The complex Morlet wavelet…

was displayed. In addition to these colors yellow, magenta, cyan, black and white were displayed too. 2.1 Devices used The displays that were used are: Mobile: HTC Desire HD that has 4.3 inches LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors [5]. Laptop: Asus K52JT that has 15.6" 16:9 LED Backlight screen [6]. The measurements were performed using Minolta CS-1000 spectroradiometer which was positioned on tripod totally balanced. The ambient lights were off (dark environment), no viewing booth was…

Unlike additive Gaussian noise, Rician noise is signal-dependent and consequently separating signal from noise is a difficult task. Rician noise is problematic for low signal-to-noise ratio. B. AWGN channel In communication theory it is often assumed that the transmitted signals are distorted by some noise. The most common noise to assume is additive Gaussian noise, i.e. the so called Additive White Gaussian Noise channel, AWGN. The detection process of a channel with AWGN is that the noise…

devices. The presence of harmonics in power system is a major concern to power engineers for many years. Harmonics lead to industrial plant downtimes and power losses. Harmonic is the signal whose frequency is a multiple integer of the fundamental frequency. The highly non-linear devices are the sources of harmonics. Harmonic analysis is used to calculate the impact of harmonic producing loads on a power system [1]. The effect of harmonics on power system can be in the form of power efficiency…

Drug content in cocrystals was determined by taking equivalent amount of the powder containing 10mg of levofloxacin, dissolved in 10mL of ethanol, shaken for 10-15 minutes and the volume was made up to 100mL using simulated gastric fluid (enzyme free) of pH 1.2. The samples were centrifuged and filtered through 0.45 µm filter, diluted suitably and analysed using UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Systronics, India) at λmax of 227nm. All observations were done in triplicate. Fourier Transform Infrared…

Fig. 11: Residuals in the osculating orbital elements of Nereid for long time interval. The semi-major axis is given in km, eccentricity in radians and the rest of elements are in degree (Saad & Kinoshita 2001). Vashkov’yak and Teslenko (2010) in addition to the effects of the mother planet Neptune, they considered the influence of the attraction of the internal satellite Triton on the evolution of the orbit of the external satellite Nereid. The disturbing function of Triton is…

1. INTRODUCTION Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy is an effective method of analyzing the intricate electrical resistance of a process and it is sensitive to surface phenomena and changes in the bulk properties. Thus it plays a major role in electrochemical research. It has been diligently used for the interpretation of corrosion mechanisms and in the characterisation of charge transport over the membrane. In the area of biosensors, it is especially appropriate for the detection of…

the Valles caldera. This however, is most likely not the best explanation because the location of these wells are ~16 km from the latest intrusion of magma that may have caused the El Cajete and Banco Bonito flows. This distance is outside the reaches of conductive heat flow from this event. To further illustrate how conduction of heat may not have affected the thermal gradient in the E10 and Paliza Canyon wells, a simple calculation of the characteristic time for heat conduction can be made…

natural frequency. The shaft of engine is supported at its ends by gear. In the present study, three engine gears are to be used. One was a brand new gear and was assumed to be free from defects. In the other, defects were created using EDM in order to keep the size of the defect under control. The size of the defects is slightly bigger than one can encounter in a practical situation. Before installing, each gear should be properly lubricated with grease. The vibration signal from the…

The Renaissance was a time of great cultural rebirth and achievement. Although it began in Italy, the Renaissance spread and affected most of the world and continues to influence us today. Many legacies and famous figures were birthed during this period, some of which we continue to be influenced by and taught about today. One of such figures is Michelangelo. Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter, and architect who was born in 1475 in Italy. Michelangelo was first apprenticed by Domenico…